Distribution & occurrences

Posted on 2014-10-21 by Keeper Trout

Trichocereus peruvianus P.C.Hutchison 543. (Found at 1700m)
Collected in the canyon of the Río Rímac, Huarochiri Prov., Peru

Chapter Three: The Distribution & Occurrence of Mescaline

This chapter is intended as an overview to set the stage for the next chapter detailing the mescaline containing species. In the work which follows, most taxonomic synonyms were omitted as these are readily available in the sources cited and are primarily only of historical importance. (More detailed and ‘properly’ worded taxonomic descriptions of the plants can be found in the listed references.)

To better assist the reader in search of more information it was thought helpful to include synonyms that are in horticultural use or used in the references included.

Many times plants get renamed or transferred by one authority without being accepted by some or most others. In some cases, such as Stenocereus, it is not uncommon to find several different names for the same plant depending on which reference work one consults. While it is unlikely that they would be encountered and still referred to as a Cereus, as many cereoids were originally called, it is just as likely they will not be listed by MOST sources as a Stenocereus.

Any feedback on how this could be made more useful and accessible is welcomed.

Proviso:

It must be kept in mind that substantial differences in the alkaloid content and in the relative ratios of alkaloids present have been noted by numerous researchers. (True also in many other families.) These differences have been noted to sometimes appear seasonally, such as the higher presence of N-methylated (as compared to N-demethylated) alkaloids detected, by Lundstrom, during summer in greenhouse maintained peyote. In contrast; in the same population of plants, winter analysis found levels of N-demethylated compounds to be higher than N-methylated ones. [While he used cultivated plants, the mescaline content was comparable to most of what is collected from the wild.]

They can vary as well according to the age of plant (young plant versus adult plant) or even by age of part (such as new growth on a large adult compared to older growth). In cacti, the actual variables effecting such reports are, usually, unknown and unstudied.

Alkaloid content has been noticed to vary substantially in amount and/or actual even composition between varieties considered closely related by morphology, and concentrations sometimes vary widely even from one individual or locality to the next. In others even daily fluctuations have been noted; in Phalaris and Papaver, for example, alkaloid concentrations were found to be highest in the early morning. (Quantitative comparative isolations of Phalaris was reported by Appleseed.)

Very few workers seem to concern themselves with any of this and rigorous work on this subject has rarely been performed or published.
The bottom line is that a published analysis says something about the actual material analyzed by those particular workers and can be reliably extrapolated to mean almost nothing concerning what YOU have or another person possesses. It CAN be valuable as an indication of what molecules might be anticipated but the composition and quantification of alkaloids needs to be determined on YOUR plants in order to know what you actually have. Plants do not read, listen to or follow the publications of scientists.

[Species suggested by published analysis to be variously weak or potent have on occasion proved to be just the opposite!]

Often the only data included is whether the plant was cultivated or collected from the wild. In many early papers we literally have to rely on the word of the workers as to the identity of what they analyzed, as vouchers for reference’s sake were never prepared and there is no physical means for confirmation.

Fortunately, in recent decades, far more attention is being given to the importance of proper herbarium vouchers being prepared for any and all plant analysis. Even in these cases, not all workers note enough variables for their observations to be truly meaningful.

Critical data for wild plant collections: size and approximate age, part of plant used and stage of growth, i.e. actively growing versus fully developed (if sampling only branches of large specimens), and time of harvest (time of year and time of day) should all be included along with place of origin and elevation of occurrence.

Ideally for a voucher some comments on the local ecology and a description of habitat would also be quite valuable. This could include the plants growing around it, or with it, the immediate local conditions of occurrence [moisture, degree of sun, etc…], its apparent niche in ecosystem, and a description of the land or terrain.

Even better would be additionally including a local soil test and/or sample, and analyzing as many parts and ages of material as possible, as well as repeated tests with the same specimens at different times of year.

If performing repeated samplings of the same individuals; stress can become a factor capable of influencing the results. I suggest initially using pooled smaller samples of adjacent individuals within a given population. There should be additional small samples taken from several individuals within the same population that is pooled in order to check for uniformity and evaluate the degree of potential influence from outliers.

Most plants can recover rapidly and well from light prunings. A minimum of two years time is suggested for such a series of samplings with a maximum of 6-8 trimmings. Differences in regrowth versus original growth should also be evaluated.

The factors controlling and regulating alkaloid production would be a fascinating and productive area for future academic research. If chemotaxonomy is to ever be considered a truly useful inclusion in the repertoire of taxonomic tools, science needs to be better able to define the parameters of alkaloid production.

Determining and taking steps to maximize alkaloid content would also be of benefit for those who view these plants as sacraments. Selection for known high alkaloid strains, or focusing on clones of specific exceptional individuals, for intensive large scale breeding and propagation efforts, would be a worthwhile avenue for everyone involved with sacramental use of these plants.

a thirsty Opuntia ficus-indica growing in Australia

The distribution of mescaline containing species within the Cactaceae

Nonbold face specific names indicate acceptance as a species is still not widely recognized.

Family: Cactaceae

Subfamily: Cereoideae

Tribe Pereskieae–

Pereskia corrugata

Pereskia tampicana

Tribe Opuntieae–

Pereskiopsis scandens

subtribe Cylindropuntia

Opuntia acanthocarpa

Opuntia echinocarpa

Opuntia imbricata

Opuntia spinosior

subtribe Opuntia

Opuntia basilaris

Opuntia ficus-indica

Tribe Cacteae–

subtribe Cactinae

Pelecyphora aselliformis

subtribe Cereinae

Polaskia chende

Pterocereus gaumeri

Stenocereus beneckei

Stenocereus eruca

Stenocereus stellatus

Stenocereus treleasei

Stetsonia coryne

Trichocereus bridgesii ***(all forms*)

Trichocereus bridgesii monstrosus ***

Trichocereus cuzcoensis *** [Often 0.0%. See its entry.]

Trichocereus fulvilanus

Trichocereus huanucoensis *

Trichocereus macrogonus ***

Trichocereus pachanoi ***

Trichocereus pachanoi monstrosus *

Trichocereus pallarensis ***

Trichocereus peruvianus ***

Trichocereus peruvianus monstrosus *

Trichocereus puquiensis ***

Trichocereus puquiensis monstrosus *

Trichocereus santaensis ***

Trichocereus schoenii ***

Trichocereus scopulicola ***

Trichocereus sp. W.Baker 5452 **

Trichocereus cv. SS01, SS02, SS03 *

Trichocereus cv. TJG ***

Trichocereus sp. Torres & Torres: N. Chile *

Trichocereus cv. “Unknown C” *

Trichocereus sp. aff. huanucoensis *

Trichocereus strigosus

Trichocereus taquimbalensis *

Trichocereus terscheckii ***

Trichocereus thelegonoides

Trichocereus uyupampensis *** (Erroneous ID)

Trichocereus validus

Trichocereus vollianus

Trichocereus werdermannianus ***

subtribe Echinocactinae

Aztekium ritteri

Gymnocalycium achirasense

Gymnocalycium asterium

Gymnocalycium baldianum

Gymnocalycium calochlorum

Gymnocalycium carminanthum

Gymnocalycium comarapense

Gymnocalycium denudatum

Gymnocalycium gibbosum

Gymnocalycium horridispinum

Gymnocalycium leeanum

Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum

Gymnocalycium monvillei

Gymnocalycium moserianum

Gymnocalycium netrelianum

Gymnocalycium nigriareolatum

Gymnocalycium oenanthemum

Gymnocalycium paraguayense

Gymnocalycium quehlianum

Gymnocalycium ragonesii

Gymnocalycium riograndense

Gymnocalycium stellatum

Gymnocalycium striglianum

Gymnocalycium triacanthum

Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum

Gymnocalycium valnicekianum

Gymnocalycium vatteri

Islaya minor

Lophophora diffusa *** (but not usual case)

Lophophora fricii *** [Does not appear to be typical. May have been an ID error?]

Lophophora jourdaniana ***

Lophophora koehresii

Lophophora williamsii williamsii ***

Lophophora williamsii echinata ***

Turbinicarpus lophophoroides

Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele var. krainzianus

Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus var. flaviflorus

Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus var. schwarzii

Please note that this system of organization is presently no longer accepted by most authorities but it is still commonly encountered in horticulture and among ethnobotanists.

However, an attempt was made by Albesiano & Kiesling in 2011 to resurrect the genus Trichocereus and all of the molecular work to-date indicates that they are on solid ground. See elsewhere in this work for more details.

Most of the species listed contain only trace amounts.

Species marked * lack formally published analytical work but have successful human bioassays reported.

Species marked ** have unpublished analytical work confirming mescaline’s presence as well as successful human bioassays reported.

Species marked *** have both published analytical work & successful human bioassays reported.

Acharagma aguirreana (Glass & R.Foster) Glass
(Formerly known as Gymnocactus aguirreanus Glass & R.Foster.)
DNA work by Wallace suggests that this may be Lophophora diffusa’s closest relative.
Reported to contain over 2% hordenine by West et al. 1974.

A more recent view

This is that same list but using the currently accepted names. Species that are missing from this list were variously discarded, merged or ignored in the revisions. Details can be found under their entries.

One thing that careful readers will notice about this arrangement is that some of the new combinations merge plants with quite different published chemistry. If a plant reported to contain mescaline was renamed as a synonym of one which did not it was omitted from this list.

I would suggest that these be looked at closer with an eye for possible subdivision into chemical races.

Comparisons of Anderson, Hunt & others will also rapidly reveal a lack of agreement on a number of points and the seemingly capricious acceptance of some and rejection of others with little if any comment. Hunt’s lack of meaningful references, including in some cases the actual describers, precludes any resolution in a number of instances.

Some of the combinations are so peculiar as to have caused me to wonder if Anderson and Hunt really actually examined flowering specimens or in some cases ANY actual specimens.

In several cases, the mergers were published by people who seemingly lacked first-hand examination of the material. For instance the peculiar assertion that the slender, densely branching Trichocereus uyupampensis Backeberg and the stout, solitary columnar Trichocereus validus sensu Backeberg are synonymous.

When faced with this situation we would suggest to botanists that they should not be afraid to say “I don’t know” or at least search out bona fide materials before uttering such pronouncements in print.

What is perhaps most fascinating is the movement within the Opuntioidae towards lumpy definitions of the species accompanied by a splitter’s view of the genera.

Family: Cactaceae

Subfamily: Pereskioideae

Pereskia corrugata

Pereskia tampicana

Subfamily: Opuntioideae

Cylindropuntia acanthocarpa

Cylindropuntia echinocarpa

Cylindropuntia imbricata

Cylindropuntia spinosior

Opuntia basilaris

Opuntia ficus-indica

Pereskiopsis scandens

Subfamily Cactoideae

Tribe Browningieae

Stetsonia coryne

Tribe Cacteae

Aztekium ritteri

Lophophora diffusa

Lophophora fricii

Lophophora williamsii

Turbinicarpus lophophoroides

Turbinicarpus pseudomacrochele subsp. krainzianus

Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus subsp. flaviflorus

Turbinicarpus schmiedickianus subsp. schwarzii

Pelecyphora aselliformis

Tribe Notocacteae

Eriosyce islayensis

Tribe Pachycereeae

Polaskia chende

Pachycereus gaumeri

Stenocereus beneckei

Stenocereus eruca

Stenocereus stellatus

Stenocereus treleasei

Tribe Trichocereeae

Gymnocalycium asterium

Gymnocalycium baldianum

Gymnocalycium calochlorum

Gymnocalycium carminanthum

Gymnocalycium denudatum

Gymnocalycium gibbosum

Gymnocalycium leeanum

Gymnocalycium mesopotamicum

Gymnocalycium monvillei

Gymnocalycium monvillei subsp. achirasense

Gymnocalycium monvillei subsp. horridispinum

Gymnocalycium netrelianum

Gymnocalycium oenanthemum

Gymnocalycium paraguayense

Gymnocalycium quehlianum

Gymnocalycium ragonesii

Gymnocalycium pflanzii var. riograndense

Gymnocalycium stellatum

Gymnocalycium striglianum

Gymnocalycium triacanthum

Gymnocalycium uebelmannianum

Gymnocalycium valnicekianum

Gymnocalycium vatteri

Echinopsis lageniformis

Echinopsis cuzcoensis

Echinopsis fulvilana

Echinopsis macrogona

Echinopsis pachanoi

Echinopsis peruviana

Echinopsis peruviana subsp. puquiensis

Echinopsis santaensis

Echinopsis schoenii

Echinopsis scopulicola

Echinopsis strigosa

Echinopsis tacaquirensis subsp. taquimbalensis

Echinopsis terscheckii

Echinopsis thelegona

Echinopsis uyupampensis

Echinopsis volliana

Lophophora williamsii echinata

**Distribution of alkaloids within cacti.**

Surprisingly there has been very little serious work published on this topic.

Alkaloids in “pellote” (i.e. peyote) were reported by JANOT & BERNIER 1933 to be almost exclusively in the internal cells of the cortical parenchyma at top of plant. (See TLC results by Todd elsewhere here.)

In Trichocereus candicans alkaloids were found by Niedfeld to be mainly in the chlorophyllaceous cortical parenchyma. (Niedfeld used microchemical methods to determine this) RETI 1950 cited NIEDFELD 1931.

In T. terscheckii; alkaloids are primarily in the parenchymal tissues, 29% were found to be in the green epidermis (dry), while the central parts (dry) including cortical parenchyma contained 45% of the total alkaloid content [please note that this included the vast majority of the parenchymal tissues and the total weight of that portion of the plant is much higher than that of the green epidermis. This indicates a lower concentration for the central parts than in the green portion but potentially useful concentrations nonetheless.] RETI & CASTRILLÓN 1951

Parenchymal tissues are highly specialized thin-walled storage cells that exist within in the thick outer layer on the plant. They are the site of many metabolic processes and also store such things as water, calcium oxalate crystals and often alkaloids.

Calcium oxalate crystals are said to be stored in abundance in some peyote specimens. A nice image of showing their presence inside of the flesh of peyote can be found in the entry for Lophophora williamsii.

As far as I can determine, the parenchymal tissues extend from near the skin to the vascular bundle; including most of the tissues other than vascular, structural or connective.

Cortical parenchymal tissues are those towards the outside. Chlorophyllaceous just means that they have chlorophyll (are green.)

Obviously, when a peyote button is sliced into two horizontal portions, they will be slightly more prevalent in the top half of the button than the bottom half of the above ground portion due to the relative percentage of tissue which is occupied by the central vascular tissues and by the outer layer. Published analytical work reflects this (see under Lophophora williamsii chemistry.)

A similar picture was reported in Kircher 1972 for triterpene glycoside distribution within the flesh of the organ pipe cactus Lemaireocereus thurberi:

Tissue	% of total Methanol soluble product
Epidermis	4
Photosynthetic layer	42
Transition zone	28
Cortex	12
Pith	10
Wood	3

As there is considerably more weight to the central parts than the green portion, the observations from RETI & CASTRILLÓN 1951 provide some support to the idea common amoung users that the highest mescaline concentration is within the green tissues on the periphery of the plant.

“Less” does not mean that there is no alkaloid in the whitish tissues beneath it. All evidence suggests that there is ample alkaloid contained in these parts, just significantly less than in the green layer. It is also likely there is even less in the central vascular bundle and core itself.

Another interesting result was noted among SMOLENSKI and coworker’s multitude of general alkaloid screenings. When testing Pachycereus pecten-aboriginum they reported Roots: ++, Stems: – and Ribs: +++. As slicing off the ribs would remove most of the cortical tissues this is in line with the above observations. Their account provides no further information on tissues evaluated (samples provided to them as a previously prepared extract).

There is additional support for this; DJERASSI et al. 1953b determined that the majority of the alkaloid content in Lophocereus schottii was in the green epidermis (6.7% crude alkaloid); only a minor portion in the cortex (1.1% crude alkaloid) and almost no alkaloid in the core & pith (0.2% crude alkaloid).
By cortex Djerassi means the epidermis, by green epidermis Djerassi refers to the chlorophyllaceous parenchyma. Djerassi was a natural products chemist not a botanist.
The casual and nonconsistent use of the words epidermis and cortex has caused confusion for many readers who did not stop and ask what was being actually meant by the user of those particular words and instead translated them based on what they themselves would have meant by those words.]

Anderson described TODD 1969 as finding little difference [qualitative] between the alkaloids of root and top in peyote except for hordenine which was only present in the root. While true in most aspects, this is a little misleading as concentrations in the roots are far lower than in the tops. Please see more details under the Lophophora williamsii entry. [In Sacred Cacti 3rd ed. Part A or in Sacred Cacti 2nd ed.]

This is also in at least partial conflict with the reports of other workers.

Todd collected his samples during June. Curiously, lophophorine was apparently observed as the major alkaloid in L. williamsii. [See also comments on the seasonal fluctuations of alkaloids in peyote.]

GUTTIERREZ-NORIEGA 1950 (citing CRUZ SÁNCHEZ 1948) appears quoted as saying that the alkaloids are primarily in the “bark” of T. pachanoi. His word, corteza, translated in the English summary as bark, also means ‘cortex’ or ‘skin’ in Spanish.

Apparently CRUZ SANCHEZ worked with the outer layer due to the slime resulting from use of the whole stem interfering with his extraction procedure. He reported 5% in the dried outer layer.

This area needs further work. While many alkaloids may indeed be higher towards the outside of the plant there are known exceptions. Hordenine being observed in the root rather than the top (in peyote) is a good example. Its highest concentrations being in the root was reported again in Mammillaria microcarpa by KNOX and coworkers.
It is noteworthy also that all of the alkaloids measured by KNOX were much higher in the cortex itself as compared to the chlorophyll rich tubercles and several were higher in the vascular tissues than in the tubercles.

An Entheogen Review reader wrote to say that they had found an unspecified amount of the cores of San Pedro to be active but they provided inadequate information for us to understand HOW they actually determined this or how much they observed.

This should not be any surprise should a person ingest a large enough amount.

PUMMANGURA et al. 1982 reported that mescaline did not transmigrate between grafted T. pachanoi and T. spachianus regardless of which was used as stock and scion. Their conclusion was that mescaline was locally produced and noncirculating.

While it may or may not be true that transmigration of alkaloids does not occur, SINISCALCO 1983 reported that the normally mescaline-free Myrtillocactus geometrizans was found to contain 0.3% mescaline by dry weight after having previously been grafted with Lophophora williamsii.

Many questions immediately arise. None are presently answerable.

Trichocereus scopulicola FR991 seedling (NMCR); from Ritter’s species but using seed acquired from Riviere de Carault.

In an odd e-mail that I received in 2004, Karel Knize commented

“Some flowers are used (cont ca 4%) plant itself 2-3.5%”
“the strongest type are 9-12 ribs or 3-4 ribs”
Knize did not elaborate further (and I’d suggest this be taken with a large grain of salt).

A friend has claimed to have had good results from the flower masses they collected from peruvianoids and terscheckii but preserved no details.
In more recent years, additional friends ingesting pachanoi and peruvianus flowers and ovary could discern no effects whatsoever. Clearly some analytical work seems in order to know what to believe.
There IS something that perhaps may be true? In evaluating the reports of human bioassays it is always important to be able to identify and preclude the contributions from any “non-negative placebo responders” (to borrow Jim Ketchum’s wonderful phrase).

It is almost unbelievable that no one has looked into the matter of alkaloid distribution within cacti more thoroughly.

The analysis of only the outer green layers and only looking at only mescaline has become the predominate analystical approach. This is for practical reasons not a reflection of a fixation on mescaline.
  The reasons are simple:
1. It is easier to work with the slimy inside of the cactus if only the outer green layer is used.
2. Most researchers would LOVE to look at every alkaloid in their plants but due to a lack of reference materials the necessary standards are simply not available through commercial sources. Out of the 63 alkaloids reported from peyote, for example, only 5 or 6 can be obtained from fine chemical houses.
  Historically workers doing structural analysis would accumulate and save their purified alkaloids. These were then shared with other people doing the same work. When they were still active in research, Jerry McLaughlin & Arnold Brossi were the actual reference standard resources for multiple other workers.
  Synthesis is also possible but the actual cost and ability to create an functional set of basic cactus alkaloids reference standards via synthetic means is out of the reach of the average grad student performing analysis on the alkaloids of a plant. Mescaline, by contrast, is relatively easy to obtain as a pure reference standard so it now tends to be the only target being identified and quantified.

Trichocereus scopulicola grown from seed in Oz. All of these originated as FR991 seed that were acquired from Ritter’s sister Hildegarde Winter but Australian cactus producers have been generating and relying on their OWN domestic seed production from the *plants* that were produced from Winter’s seeds since the 1960s.

Biographical data for some people

Posted on 2014-10-21 by Keeper Trout

Biographical information in this list is limited to those people who are mentioned in or related to this work.

The list that follows was compiled from a myriad of sources. It is by nature incomplete and omits most cactus people as they lack any connection to this work.
A far more extensive listing can be found in:
http://cactusandsucculentsociety.org/cssaarchives/Staples%20Author%20Book%20V1.pdf and
http://cactusandsucculentsociety.org/cssaarchives/Staples%20Author%20Book%20V2.pdf.
Most of the following are cactophiles and also botanists but some are variously amateur plant collectors, horticulturalists, plant breeders or other nursery people, name-sakes, peyote collectors, anthropologists, archaeologists, chemists, biochemists, physicians, psychologists, psychedelic elders, psychiatrists, authors & artists whos name is mentioned someplace within this book.

[Indicates commonly encountered abbreviations.]
All of these abbreviations have a standardized version that is often ignored.

I welcome and encourage updates, additions and most especially corrections.

A. in MfK was Paul Arendt

David Friend Aberle (23 Nov 1918 St. Paul, Minnesota – 23 September 2004 Vancouver, British Columbia) US anthropologist. Studied peyotists.

Stig Agurell (? – 2018 at age 85) Swedish natural products chemist.

John Frank Akers (1906 – 1967) US botanist & scholar.

Prince Albert I [Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi] (13 November 1848 – 26 June 1922) founded the Jardin Exotique de Monaco in 1913.

Edward (“Ted”) Frederick Anderson (17 June 1932 – 29 March 2001 Phoenix) US botanist & taxonomist. [Anderson] Date of death also appears as 30 March.

Johnny Appleseed (late 1940s [58 in 2004] – ) US agronomist, psychologist & entheobotanical researcher.

José Arechavaleta y Balpardo (1838 – 1912) Uruguayan pharmacist and botanist. [Arech.]

Paul Arendt German botanist. [Arendt]

Gerald Kench Arp (1947 – ) [Arp]

Curt Backeberg (2 August 1894 Luneburg – 14 January 1966 Hamburg) German horticulturalist and cactus specialist. [Backbg.; also found as Backeb, Bkbg and others.]

Liberty Hyde Bailey (15 March 1858 South Haven, MI – 25 December 1954 Ithaca, NY) US botanist & horticulturist. [L.H.Bailey]

Bernard René Baum (1937 – ) Canadian botanist. [B.R.Baum]

Wendell Clark Bennett (17 August, 1905 Marion, Indiana – 6 September, 1953 Martha’s Vineyard) US anthropologist who studied the Huichols with Zingg.

Lyman David Benson (4 May 1909 near Kelseyville, CA – 12 July 1993 Portola Valley, CA) US botanist, cactus specialist and herbarium director. [L.Benson]

Alwin Berger (28 August 1871 Möschlitz, Germany – 28 April 1931 Stuttgart, Germany) German botanist, cactus specialist and botanical garden curator. [Berg.]

Berol.: In reference to the herbarium and/or botanical garden at Berlin-Dahlen (Hortus regius Berolinensis)

Jacob Bigelow (27 February 1787 Sudbury, Massachusetts – 10 January 1879 Boston. Massachusetts) US physician and botanist. [Bigel.]

Harold Leslie Bird, Jr. (1921 Bedminster Township, NJ – 19 May 2010 Palm Desert, CA) US analytical chemist.

May Elizabeth Blos (1905 – 20 October 1991) US botanist at UC. Blos drew the botanical illustrations for Hutchisonʼs new Borzicactus madisoniorum in 1958. Died in the Oakland Firestorm.

Harry Blossfeld [also encountered as Bloßfeldt] (27 February 1913 Postdam, Germany – 7 July 1986 São Paulo Brazil) German-born Brazilian horticulturist, plant collector and botanical explorer. His famous collection expedition lost a lot of its collection data but provided a wealth of cacti to horticulture on several continents.

Thor Methven Bock (1907 – 1973) US botanist.

Frederick (Friedrich) Boedecker [also given as Bödeker] (1867 – 1937) German botanist. [Böd. or Boed.] (Also as 1871 – 1931)

Jaroslav Bohata Czech botanist.

Norman Hill Boke (1913 – 1996) US botanist. [Boke]

Harriet Margaret Louisa (née Kensit) Bolus (1877 – 1970) South African botanist, herbarium curator & describer of ~ 2,000 succulent species. [L.Bol.] or [L.Bolus]

Aimé Bonpland (1773 – 1858) Botanist. Given name was Aimé Jacques A. Goujaud. [Bonpl.]

John Borg (1873 – 1945) Maltese physician & cactus fanatic. [Borg]

William Boyce – Thompson (13 May 1869 – 27 June 1930) Copper mine operator.

Mary Katherine Brandegee (1844 – 1920) US botanist and physician. [Brand.]

Helia Bravo – Hollis (30 September 1901 la Villa de Mixcoac, Ciudad de México – 26 September 2001) Mexican Botanist and cactus specialist. [Bravo] and [H.Bravo] (Also encountered as being born in 1903.)

Thomas Charles Bridges (1807 – 1865) Collected in Bolivia. (Born in 1805 according to Schumann 1899.)

John Raleigh Briggs (1851 – 1907) US physician in Dallas, Texas.

Nathaniel Lord Britton (15 January 1859 New Dorp, Staten Islands – 25 June 1934 New York) US botanist. NY Botanical Garden founder/director. [Britt.] and [Br.]

Nicholas Edward Brown (11 July, 1849 – 25 November 1934) British botanist. [N.E.Br.]

Robert Brown (21 December 1773 Montrose, Scotland – 10 June 1858 London) Scottish botanist. [R. Br.]

Albert Frederick Hendrik Buining (1901 – 9 May 1976) Dutch botanist and succulent specialist. [Buin.]

Eunice Bullington provided assistance to the authors of Mammillaria bullingtoniana.

Luther Burbank (1849 – 11 April 1926) US horticulturist.

Franz Buxbaum (1900 – 7 February 1979) Austrian botanist. [Buxb.]

Ronald Stewart Byles (fl. 1957) British botanist [Byl.]

Eduardo Wilfredo Calderón Palomino (1930 – November 1996) San Pedro using curandero in the Trujillo region of Peru. Douglas Sharon studied with Don Eduardo.

Hamilton Hye Card (1877 – 1953) US botanist. [Card]

Amada Sanchez Cárdeñas (26 October 1904 – 1 September 2005) First licensed peyotero and an important personage for NAC. Lived in Mirando City, Texas.

Martin Cárdeñas Hermosa (12 November 1899 – 14 February 1973) Bolivian agronomist & botanist [Card.] or [Cardeñas]

Alberto Castellanos (1896 – 1968) Argentinean botanist. South American cactus expert. [Cast.] or [Castell.] or [A.Cast.]. [S.A.Cast is someone else.]

Edward Franklin Castetter (1896 – 1978) US biologist & ethnographer.

Jean François Cels (1810 — 1886) French botanist & horticulturist. [Cels] Brother of August Louis Cels (1809–1898); son of François Cels (1771–1832). Cels was a family of French growers.

Graham John Charles (2 January 1950 Birmingham, England – ) English horticulturist & plant explorer. [G.J.Charles]

Desmond (“Des”) Thorne Cole (30 October 1922 Mafeking – 25 May 2018) South African botanist. [Cole]

Luigi (Aloysius) Colla (22 April 1766 Turin – 22 December 1848 Turin) Italian botanist. [Colla]

Caspar [Commelin] Commelijn (born in Amsterdam, baptized 14 October 1668 – 25 December 1731 Amsterdam) Dutch physician & botanist. [Commelin]

Michaelangelo Console (1812 – 1897) Italian botanist. [Console] & [Cons.]

Alana Cordy-Collins (5 June 1944 California – ) Archaeologist who is a Peruvian history specialist.

Victor Louis Cory (1880 – 1964) [V.L.Cory] or [Cory]

John Merle Coulter (1851 – 1928) US botanist and Botanical Gazette founder. [Coult.]

Frederick Vernon Coville (1867 – 1937) US botanist. [Cov.]

James Denis “Dennis” Cowper (25 July, 1922 Greater London, England – 29 November, or 1–7 December (?), 1974 Compostela, Nayarit, Mexico) (Most commonly encountered as Dennis Cowper.) British/US attorney & plant collector. Resident of Belen, NM and a former law partner of NM state senator Tibo Chavez. Cowper died following a heart attack, at age 52, at the edge of a corn field in a mountainous jungle while on cactus & butterfly collecting trip with his wife near Puerto Vallarta, Mexico. Listing of plant collectors working in Mexico (Knobloch 1983) gives death date as 1975 but the newspaper accounts announcing his disappearance on 29 November, and the discovery of his body eight days later (at a site within a 20 minute walk from their car), appeared in early December, 6 & 9 respectively, of 1974. Attending coroner in Mexico gave his date of death as 1 or 7 December.
Wife Jane Katherine Cowper (Chicago 1932 – ) is a prolific cactus collector and the namesake for Mammillaria cowperae.
Many listings of James Denis Cowper present him as being a prominent British botanist and cactus (Mammillaria) specialist but Cowper had a degree in law rather than botany. There is no doubt that he was a widely respected cactus expert.

Robert Theodore Craig (1902 – 1986) (fl 1945) US dentist & cactus specialist. [Craig]

Léon Camille Marius Croizat (1894 – 1982) Venezuelan botanist. [Croiz.]

Allan Cunningham (13 July 1791 Wimbledon, Surrey – 27 June 1839 Sydney, Australia) English botanist who collected extensively in eastern Australia.
For unknown reasons, a well-known portrait of Cunningham can today be found being misrepresented as that of Charles Lemaire.

William Curtis (11 January 1746 Alton, Hampshire – 7 July 1799 Brompton, London) English. Apothecary and Botanist.

Ladislaus (“Lad”) Theophine Cutak (27 May 1908 – 18 January 1973) US horticulturalist. [Cutak]

Augustin(e) Pyrame de Candolle (1778 – 1841) Swiss botanist. [DC]

John W. Daly (1933 – 2008) US Biochemist.

James (“Jim”) Edward Daniel (23 June, 1926 San Jose, CA – June 28 2014 Spokane, WA) Nursery owner (founder of Cactus Gems) & the person who introduced Juul’s Giant to horticulture.

E. Wade Davis (14 December 1963 – ) Canadian anthropologist & ethnobotanist.

Shirley Dickison (3 October 1920 Bloomington, Texas – 28 September 2016 San Saba) US. Cactus lover, collector & distributor from San Saba, Texas.

Albert Gottfried Dietrich (1795 – 1856) German botanist. [A.Dietr.]

León Diguet (25 July 1859 – 31 August 1926) French explorer and naturalist. Educated in industrial chemistry.

John James (Johann Jacob) Dillenius [Johann Jakob Dillen] (22 December 1864 Darmstadt – 2 April 1747 Oxford) English botanist. (born in Germany) [Dill.] or [Dillen.] Also encountered as (1687 – 1746).

Mark Alan Dimmitt (12 January 1946 Long Beach, California – ) US botanist. [Dimmitt]

John J. Dingerdissen (November 10, 1949 – ) US. chemist.

Walter E. Dixon (fl. 1899) English physician & pharmacologist.

Barthélemy Charles Joseph Dumortier (1797 – 1878). Belgian botanist & politician.

William Hubert (“Hubie”) Earle (18 June 1906 – 2 December 1984) US horticulturalist & cactophile. [W.H.Earle]

Urs Eggli (1959 – ) Swiss botanist.

Carl August Ehrenburg (1801 – 1849) German botanist. [Ehrenb.]

August Wilhelm Eichler (AKA Augustus Guilielmus Eichler) (22 April, 1839 – 2 March, 1887) German botanist.

Henry Havelock Ellis (2 February 1859 at 1 St John’s Grove, Croyden – 8 July, 1939 at Cherry Ground, Hintlesham) English physician and psychologist. Wife was Edith.

Natalia V. Ellis was a cactus enthusiast in the Ukraine.

Arthur James Ewin (1882 Norwood – 1968) English Chemist.

William Hemsley Emory (7 September, 1811 in Queen Anne County, Maryland – 1 December, 1887) US Officer and land surveyor in US Army. Wife was Mathilda. [Emory]

George Engelmann (1809 – 1884) US physician and botanist (originally from Germany). [Engel.] or [Engelm.]

Carlos (Karl) Faust (10 September 1874 Hadamar – 24 April 1952 Blanes) German businessman founded the Marimurtra Botanical Garden in Spain.

Ramón Alejandro Ferreyra Huerta ( 1910 – 2005) Peruvian botanist and director of the Museo de Historia Natural . [Ferreyra]

Walter Alfred [Fitz] Fitz Maurice (1924 – 2015) Mexico. Wife is Elizabeth [Betty] Ann (1930 – ). [Fitz Maurice]

Robert Field Nursery owner near Tennyson in Victoria. Father was one of Blossfeld’s investors financing the 1935 expedition in exchange for a guaranteed 1000 plants. Ralph Field (1898 – July 1987) moved to ‘Whiora’ in 1928. He was a founding member of the Cactus & Succulent Society of Australia. (Mother Molly — 23 April 1981)

Friedrich Fobe (14 Sept. 1864 – 1941) German horticulturalist.

Carl Friedrich Förster (1817 – 1901) German botanist. [C.F.Först]

Karl Förster (3 September 1874 Berlin – 27 November 1970 Bornim) German botanist. Editor of MfK and founder of DGK. [Först] or [Foerst.] or [K.Först.]

Robert Allen Foster (14 January 1938 Los Angeles, CA – January 2002 Mammoth Lakes, CA) American horticulturist. Former assistant editor of the CSSA journal. [R.A.Foster]

Paul-Victor Fournier (29 December 1877 Damrémont – 20 May 1964 Poinson-lès-Grancey) French botanist & horticulturalist.

Gerhardt R.W. Frank (fl. 1963 – 1990) [Frank] or [G.Frank]

Alberto Vojtěch Frič (8 September 1882 Prague – 4 December 1944 Prague) Czech horticulturalist. [Frič]

Adolfo Maria Friedrich (1897 Vienna – 15 Jan 1987 Asuncion, Paraguay) Austrian photographer & amateur botanist.

Heimo Friedrich (1 June 1911 – 17 March 1987) Austrian botanist. [Friedr.]

Joseph Gaertner (1732 – 1791) German botanist. [Gaertn.]

Howard Elliot Gates (1889 – 1957) Plant explorer during the 1930s. Cactus nursery owner. [H.E.Gates] (Dates of 1895 – 1957 also encountered at CSSJA website.)

Edward George Gay (1916 – 1997) Cactus collector and commercial grower. As was his wife Mary.

Howard Scott Gentry (10 December 1903 Temecula, CA – 1 April 1993 Tucson, AZ) US agricultural explorer & Agave expert.

A.C. Gibson & K.E. Horak [Gibs. & Hor.]

Arthur Charles Gibson (16 November 1947 – ) US biologist. [A.C.Gibson]

W. Glaetzle (fl. 1983) [Glaetzle]

Charles Edward Glass (24 May 1934 – 23 February 1998) Former editor of the CSSA journal. With Robert A. Foster studied cactus and described species. [Gl.&F.] or [Glass & Foster]

Auguste François Marie Glaziou (1828 Lannon, Brittany – 1906 Bouscat, France) French civil engineer & prolific botanical collector. [Glaziou]

Ronald Roland Gosselin (1854–1925) French botanist. [Goss.]

Asa Gray (1810 – 1888) Wrote descriptions of some of the plants collected by Thurber.

Josiah Gregg (1806 – 1850) Frontier trader and writer. Knobloch 1983 notes Gregg to have died of starvation on the trail.

David Bailey Grigsby (1920 – 15 April 1994) US horticulturalist.

Heinrich Rudolph August Grisebach (1814 – 1879) German botanist. [Griseb.]

Hermann Gruson (13 March, 1821 Magdeburg – 1895 age 75) German botanist.

Rudolf Grym (1 August 1946 – 5 August 2015) Czechoslovakian botanist & cactophile. [Grym]

Robert Louis August Maximilian Gürke (Guerke) (17 December 1854 – 16 March 1911) German botanist & cactus specialist. Wife Toni (died 1922) was a professor and botanical illustrator. [Gürke]

Walter (Walther) Haage (1899 – 22 April 1992) German horticulturalist & famous nursery owner.

Vlastimil Habermann (11 December 1930 – 14 September 2014) Czechoslovakian researcher. [Habermann] or [Hab.]

Josef Jakob Halda (7 December 1943 – ) Czechoslovakian botanist.

Jonathan Robert Hanna (1967 – ) US entheogen writer, conference organizer & editor of the Entheogen Review.

Peter Hansen (fl. 1996) German botanist. [Hansen]

Scott Edson Haselton (1895 – 1991) US. CSSJA editor & author.

Dr. Valery Havard (1846 – 1927) Botanist & surgeon. Borne Compiégne, France. (Who’s Who in America. vol. XV 1926)

Radim Havlícek (16 Feb 1928 – 30 Oct 1998) Czech horticulturalist. [Havlicek]

Adrian Hardy Haworth (1772 – 1833) English botanist. Hortus gives as ([19 April] 1768 – 1833) [Haw.] [Also listed as 1767 – 1833]

[Karl Wilhelm] Arthur Heffter (15 June 1859 [also given as 1860] – 8 Feb. 1925) German chemist & pharmacologist.

Georg Hempel German. Affluent business owner and cactus lover (Saxony).

Anthony Richard Henman (15 December, 1949 São Paulo – ) British anthropologist.

Paul Cristoph (also as Christoph) Hennings (27 November 1841 – 14 October 1908) German mycologist & herbarium curator.[Hennings] or [Henn.] Anderson gave this as Paul E. Hennings but IPNI lists Paul. C. Hennings as A. lewinii‘s describer.

Adolph (also as Adolar) Gottlieb Julius (“Hans”) Herre (7 April 1895 Dessau, Germany – 16 January 1979 Pretoria) South African horticulturalist. [A.G.J.Herre]

William Hertrich (1878 Baden, Germany – 1966 San Marino, California) German botanist and the Huntington’s visionary director. [Hertr.] Also encountered given erroneously as 1878 – 1954.

Dietrich D. Herzog (Collected in Argentina 1980 – 1989) German botanist. Phanerogam specialist. [D.Herzog]

Jay Pinckney Hester (1874 – 1962) US botanist. [Hester]

Edward Heyder (1808 –1884) German cactus grower.

Vera Higgins (1892 – 1968) English botanist.

Paul H. Hoch (1902 Budapest – 15 December 1965 Albany, New York) US psychiatrist.

James Frederick “Jim” Hogshire (1958 Indianapolis, Indiana) US author.

Anton Hofer Czech botanist.

Albert Hoffman (11 January 1906 Baden – 29 April 2008 Basel) Swiss plant chemist & pharmacognosist with Sandoz in Basel. Discoverer of LSD-25 and other important molecules.

William Jackson Hooker (6 July 1785 – 12 August 1865) English botanist. Father of botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker (1817 – 1911). [Hook.]

Ladislav Horaček Czech. Cactus lover.

Karl E. Horak (fl. 1978) [K.E.Horak] Worked with A.C.Gibson. K.G. Horak, as encountered in the literature, is a typo.

Hort. Hortorum or hortulanorum means that it originated as a horticultural offering and has no accepted standing. If followed by a name, this indicates it was published in that nursery’s catalog. For example: Lophophora jourdaniana Hort. Rebut appeared in the Rebut catalog. [Hort.]

Carlos Curt (Carl Kurt) Hosseus (1878 – 1950) Argentinean botanist.

Aleš Hrdlička (Ales Hrdlicka) (29 March 1869 – 5 September 1943) Czech anthropologist.

[HBK] See FA von Humboldt, AA Bonpland & CS Kunth.

Emerald (“Edward”) Charles Hummel (18 July 1903 Prosperity, Missouri – 29 November 1979 Oceanside, California) US nursery owner, horticulturalist and hybridizer. Wife Minnie Belle (Byrne).

Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt (1796 – 1859) German naturalist. [Humb.]

David Richard Hunt (25 September 1938 London – 20 May 2019 [Given as 19 May at German wikipedia]) English botanist at Kew.

Henry Edwards Huntington (27 February 1850 Oneonta, New York – 23 May 1927 Philadelphia) American philanthropist and founder of Huntington Botanical Gardens.

Paul Clifford Hutchison (3 January 1924 Antioch, California – 6 September 1997 Escondido, California) US botanist & horticulturalist. [P.C.Hutchison]

J.M. Idrobo, Associate Professor of Botany of the Universidad Nacional at Bogota.

Clive Frederick Innes (1909 – 1999) English horticulturalist.

Yoshio (Also as Yoshi) Ito (1907 – 1992) Japanese botanist. [Y.Ito] Other Itos exist.

Georg Albano von Jacobi (4 September 1805 Pempelfort – 2 November 1874 Berlin) German military general & botanist. [Jacobi]

Hermann Johannes Heinrich Jacobsen (1898 – 19 August 1978) German botanist & succulent expert. [Jacobsen]

Bedrich Jajó (fl. 1947) [Jajó]

Walter Jeggle (fl. 1973) [Jeggle]

Josef Jelínek (10 January 1915 – 17 January 1981) Czech horticulturist.

Joseph Harry Johnson, Sr. (27 May 1894 – 26 November 1987) US horticulturalist, commercial nursery owner & cactus breeder. Paramount, California. Collected in Peru during the 1950s.

Salvador Johnson (65 years old in 2014) Licensed peyote distributor in Mirando City, Texas.

Treat Baldwin Johnson (29 March, 1875 Bethany, Connecticut – 1947) US Organic Chemist.

Marcus Eugene Jones (1852 – 1934) Botanist [M.E.Jones]

Thomas “Tom” Rasmussen Juul (13 November 1901 Denmark – 20 May 1987 San Francisco, CA) Danish expat. Butcher & cactus lover. A founder of the ISI. Collector of cactus specimens and old cactus & succulent literature. Wife was Betty Peterson Juul (11 October 1902 Denmark – 31 July 2001 San Francisco, CA.) In an interview Betty once described their garden as someplace where people came to rid themselves of unidentified cactus specimens.

Govind J. Kapadia (?) Ph.D. in Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Wisconsin in 1959.

Hermann Gustav Karsten (Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten) (1817 – 1908) German botanist. [Karst.]

Wilhelm Friedrich Karwinsky von Karwin (1779 Munich – 1855) [Karw.] (Birth also encountered as 1780.)

Friedrich (“Fred”) Kattermann (1932- ) USA botanist.

Harriet Margaret Louisa Kensit (later as L.Bolus) (1877 – 1970) [Kensit]

Friedrich Wilhelm Kesselring (1876 – 1966) [W.Kesselr.]

Roberto Kiesling (1941 – ) Argentinean cactus specialist. [Kiesl.]

Myron William Kimnach (26 December 1922 – 21 September 2018 Los Angeles, California) US botanist.

Fumiko (“Fumi”) Kimura (1 March, 1970 Shizouka, Japan – 19 April, 2011 Salinas, California) Japanese nursery owner in California. Daughter of Makoto.

Makoto Kimura (died 30 May, 2002) Japanese nursery owner & gifted cactus grafter in Salinas, California. Started Kimura International in 1978.

Leo Kladiwa (17 March 1920 – 30 December 1987) Austrian physician & cactus specialist. [Kladiwa] (also – 1988)

Karel Kníže (7 October 1941 – 8 January 2018) Peruvian-based cactus collector and dealer. Czech expat establishing a cactus business in Peru in either 1967 or 1969. Two different accounts exist for Knize’s relocation to Peru (& both dates appear to have come from Knize). The first account places his initial arrival in Chile to collect plants as 5 January 1967. At that time, Knize was working as an employee of the Botanical Garden in Prague. During his very first collections, near La Serena, he was mistakenly arrested on suspicion of murder due to a large knife that was involved in the death of two local women being believed by the police to be similar to Knize’s collection tool. Knize was soon cleared and continued collecting in Chile, moving next to Uruguay and Brazil creating his first 167 KK numbers. Knize has also said that his collections began 12 September 1968 on Curaçao in the Dutch Antilles, moving next to Ecuador and in spring of 1969 to Peru, where he decided to stay. [Knize] (Kníže means “Prince” in Czechoslovakian.)

Frederik Markus Knuth von Knuthenborg (1904 – 1970) Dutch botanist. [F.M.Knuth]

Gerhard Köhres / Koehres ( ) German plant collector.

Köhres Kakteen is one of the large German “cactus houses”.

Udo Köhler (1911 – 1983)

H. Koopowitz (fl. 1986) [Koop] [Don’t confuse with Karl Koopmann (fl. 1879 – 1900) Koopm.]

Hans Krainz (13 May 1906 – 20 May 1980) Swiss cactus specialist. [Krainz]

Kurt G. Kreuzinger (1905 – 1989) Czechoslovakian botanist [Kreuz.] [Kreuringer appearing in the literature was a typo.] Also encountered listed with birthdate of 1903.

Horst (14 April 1937 Mannheim – 2019) & Margaret Kuenzler. Germans living in US since the 1960s. Cactus collectors and nursery owners. New Mexico Cactus Research (NMCR) was founded in 1963.

Carl (Karl) Ernst Eduard Otto Kuntze (1843 – 1907) German botanist and author of more than 30,000 unaccepted plant name changes. [Kuntze]

Raoul Weston LaBarre (13 December 1911 – 13 March 1996) US cultural anthropologist. Expert on Peyote religion.

Jacques Labouret (1820 – 1890) French cactus expert. [Labour.]

Jean Baptiste Antoine Pierre Monnet de Lamarck (1744 – 1829) French naturalist. [Lam.]

Brian Lamb (26 July 1935 – 12 May 2015) English horticulturalist & photographer.

Edgar Lamb (22 Jan 1905 – 19 May 1980) English horticulturalist & photographer. Father of Brian Lamb.

Alfred Bernhard Lau (5 Aug 1928 – 27 February 2007) German botanist living in Mexico.

Friedrich Carl Lehmann (1850 – 1903) German plant collector.

Johann Georg Christian Lehmann (25 February 1792 – 12 FEbruary 1860) German botanist.

Charles Antoine Lemaire (1 November, 1801 Paris – 22 June, 1871 Paris) French botanist who lived in Belgium. [Lem.] (Death date also appears as 1870.)

Eugene de Beauharnais [Duke of Leuchtenberg & Prince of Eichstadt] (1781 – 1824) French soldier & statesman. Co-sponsored Karwinsky’s Mexican expedition.

Louis Lewin (9 November 1850 Tuchel, West Prussia – 1 December 1929 Berlin) German pharmacologist & toxicologist. [Lewin]

J.A. Lindberg [Lindb.]

George Edmund Lindsay (1916 – 2002) US botanist [Lind.] or [G.E.Linds.]

Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (2 February 1767 Hildesheim – 1 January 1851 Berlin) German botanist. Director of Berlin – Dahlen botanical garden. [Lk.] or occasionally [L. as in L.&O.]

Link & Otto See individual entries [Lk.&O.] or [L.&O.]

Carl (Carolus) Linnaeus [AKA Carle von Linné] (23 May 1707 Rashult – 10 January 1778 Uppsala) Swedish naturalist, botanist, zoologist & physician; originator of binomial classification. [L.]

Frances Ernst Lloyd (4 October 1868 Manchester, England – 10 October 1947) US botanist.

George Loddiges (1784 – 1846) English botanist. [G. Lodd] Son of the German/English botanist Joachim Conrad Loddiges (1738-1826).

Gualtiero Looser (1898 – 1982) Chilean botanist. [Looser]

Carl Sofus (Sophus) Lumholtz (23 April 1851 near Lillihammer, Norway – 5 May 1922 Saranac Lake, New York) Norwegian zoologist & ethnologist.

Gary William Lyons (8 July 1938 – 15 August 2020) US botanist.

C.A. Maass (1859 – 1929) Postmaster in Hamburg, Germany. [Maass]

Tom J. Mabry (1932 – ) US natural products chemist.

Thomas (“Don Tomas”) Baillie MacDougall (9 December 1896 Scotland – 17 January 1973 Hotel Principal, Oaxaca) [T.B. MacDoug.] Also encountered as (1895 – 1973) Scottish born Mexican plant collector and anthropologist. T.M MacDougall [T.M. MacDoug.] is a typo. [Do not confuse with Daniel Trembly MacDougal (1865 – 1958) who is abbreviated MacDougal.]

Marschall P. & Elena Eyre Madison US. cactus lovers and the financial supporters for Hutchison’s collection trip producing Borzicactus madisoniorum.

William Taylor Marshall (5 May 1886 – 25 August 1957) US botanist. [W.T. Marsh.]

Karl “Carl” Friedrich Philipp von Martius (17 April 1794 Erlangen – 13 December 1868 München) German botanist. AKA Carolus Fridericus Philippus De Martius.

Rachel Mata (born in Caracas, Venezuelan; holds Mexican citizenship) Venezuelan pharmacologist formerly at Purdue, presently at UNAM.

James David Mauseth (2 July 1948 – ) US botanist at UT Austin.

Rudolph (Rudi) Meyer (fl. 1896 – 1914) [R. Mey.]

Jorge Meyrán García (21 November 1918 – ) Mexican botanist.

MfK = The journal Monatsschrift für Kakteenkunde

Jerry L. McLaughlin US plant chemist & pharmacognosist. (Purdue)

Phillip Miller (1691 – 1771) English botanist. [Mill.]

Faustino Miranda Gonzales (G.F. Miranda or as F. Miranda) (1905 – 1964) [Mir.] or [Miranda] Many other Mirandas exist.

Lawrence (“Larry”) Waldimer Mitich (1927 – 2000) US botanist. [L. W. Mitich]

M. (Chevalier de) Monville (fl. 1838) French cactus expert. [Monv.]

James Mooney (10 February 1861 Richmond, Indiana – 22 December 1921 Washington, D.C.) US Ethnographer. Often listed as an anthropologist, Mooney was actually largely self-educated.

Mauro Morales (5 March, 1943 – 16 January, 2022 Rio Grande City) Licensed peyote distributor in Rio Grande City, Texas.

Reid Venable Moran (1916 – 21 January 2010 Clearlake, California) USA botanist; Specialist in Crassulaceae and Baja flora.

Roy Mottram (1940 – ) English horticulturalist.

Vojtěch Myšák (3 May 1973 – ) Czech botanist.

Anna B. Nickels (fl. late 19th century) US. Cactus grower in Laredo, Texas.

NMCR = New Mexico Cactus Research Commercial cactus nursery operated by Horst & Margaret Kuenzler.

Thomas Nuttall (1786 – 1859) US naturalist (born and died in England). [Nutt.]

Carlos Manuel Ochoa Nieves (27 November 1920 Cusco – 11 December 2008 Lima) Peruvian botanist and serious world-class potato superstar. [Ochoa]

Isaac Ochoterena (1885 – 1950) Mexican physician.

Olive According to Earle, this was the daughter of a tavern owner. (Tucson, AZ).

Morris Edward Opler (3 May 1907 – 13 May 1996) US anthropologist.

Charles Russell Orcutt (1864 – 1929) US botanist and cactus specialist. [Orcutt]

Jesús Gonzales Ortega (1876 – 1936) Mexican botanist & agronomist. [J.G.Ortega]

Carlos Ostolaza Nano (5 September 1936 Lima – ) Peruvian physician & surgeon, noted expert on Peruvian cacti, founder of Quepo & dedicated cactophile. [Ost] [Collection numbers listed as OST#.]

Jonathan Ott (1 June 1949 – ) Natural product chemist & entheobotanical author.

Christoph Friedrich Otto (4 December 1783 Schneeberg, Saxony – 7 December 1856 Berlin) [Hortus gives 1783] German. horticulturist & head gardener at Berlin – Dahlem. [O.]

Abelardo Pachano Lalama [Baptized as Segundo Miguel Ángel Abelardo] (4 October 1885 Ambado – 13 October 1958 Ambado) Ecuadorian agronomist, botanist, bacteriologist, research scientist & administrator at Quinta Normal de Agricultura, Ambato, Ecuador. (Received a doctorate in Agricultural Engineering from Cornell University.) “Traveling companion” of Dr. Rose in his travels through the Ecuadorian Andes by which I assume that he was the person who took Rose around Ecuador and was responsible for *showing* him T. pachanoi. Appropriately, Pachano’s remains are buried at the foot of his beloved namesake Trichocereus pachanoi, aka “aguacolla”, at the Cementerio La Merced in Ambato in the space reserved for illustrious “Tungurahuenses”.

Do not confuse Pachano with the famous Ecuadorian economist Abelardo Pachano Bertero or his namesake grandson Abelardo Pachano Lalama.

Ernest J. Palmer (1875 – 1962) English botanist working in America.

Edward Palmer (12 January 1830 near Hockwold-Wilton, Norfolk County, England – 10 April 1911 Washington, DC) (Birth also encountered as 1829 & 1831.) US (born in England) botanist & plant collector.

Lelissa is the daughter of Paolino Panarotto.

Paolino Panarotto [26 March 1958 — ) Italian nurseryman & Turbinicarpus expert.

(Chevalier de) Parmentier (fl. 1840) French botanist. [Parm.] Do not confuse with the French botanist Antoine-Augustin Parmentier (Montdidier 12 August, 1737 – 13 December, 1813)

Jan Pechánek (28 July 1918 — 9 February 1988) Czechoslovakian botanist.

Dale Pendell (14 April 1947 – 13 January 2018) US acclaimed poet, software engineer & entheobotanical author.

Harry H. Pennes (1918 Philadelphia – 14 November 1963, New York City) US physician & clinical researcher.

Louis (Ludwig) Georg(e) Karl Pfeiffer (1805 – 1877) German botanist. [Pfeiff.] (Also as 1805 – 1878)

Rudolph Amandus Philippi (Rodolfo Amando Philippi) (14 September 1808 Berlin – 23 July 1904 Santiago) German-Chilean paleontologist & zoologist.

Charles Polaski (1897 — March 1986) US. cactus collector in Oklahoma. Wife Mary was also a cactus collector.

Duncan McNair Porter (1937 – ) US botanist. [D.M. Porter]

Heinrich Poselger (1818 – 1883) German physician & cactus specialist. [Posel.] or [Poselg.]

Carl Albrecht (Albert) Purpus (26 February 1851 – 17 January 1941) German botanical collector. [Purpus] Brother of J.A. Purpus.

Joseph Anton Purpus (4 February 1860 – 5 December 1932) German botanist and horticulturalist. [J.Purpus]

Q. in MfK was Leopold Quehl.

Leopold Quehl (1849 – 1923) German cactus expert. [Quehl] (also encountered as 1849 – 1922)

Constantino Samuel Rafinesque – Schmaltz (Peter Hamilton Rafinesque) (1784 – 1842) US/Italian naturalist. Earle gives as (1783 – 1840) [Raf.]

Werner Hermann Heinrich Rauh (16 May 1913 – 7 April 2000) German botanist.

Walter Rausch (15 November 1928 – ?) Austrian cactus specialist.

Pierre Rebut (14 May 1827 – 1898) French cactus collector & dealer. [Rebut]

Vincenzo Riccobono (1861 – 1943) Italian botanist, botanical garden director and cactus specialist. [Ricc.]

Jan Říha (1947 – ) Czechoslovakian botanist. [Riha]

Marlene Dobkin de Rios (1939 – 2012) US medical anthropologist and psychotherapist.

Friedrich Ritter (9 May 1898 – 9 April 1989 [also encountered as 1983]) German cactus specialist. [Ritt. Improperly as R.] [FR collection numbers]

Fernando Rivière de Caralt (1904 Madrid — 1992) Spanish cactophile. Civil engineer who created Pinya de Rosa in Spain. (Now the world’s largest cactus garden.) Responsible for providing the seeds which produced most of the ID problems of NMCR.

Joseph Nelson Rose (11 January 1862 Liberty, Indiana – 4 May 1928 Washington, DC) Botanist and assistant curator of National Herbarium. [Rose] & [R.]

Alexandre Rouhier (1875 – 1968) French pharmacist. [Rouhier]

Gordon Douglas Rowley (31 July 1921 London – 12 August 2019) English botanist. [Rowl.]

Karl Theodor Rümpler (1817 – 1891) German botanist. [Rümpler]

Robert Runyon (28 July, 1881 near Catlettsburg, Boyd County, Kentucky – 9 March, 1968 Brownsville, Texas) US photographer & author

Henry Hurd Rusby (1855 – 1940) [Rusby]

Edmundo Alfredo Rúveda (18 March 1934 Corrientes — ). Argentinean. Biochemist & pharmacologist

William Edwin Safford (14 December 1859 Chillicothe, Ohio – 10 January 1926) US botanist working for the USDA [Saff.]

Prince Joseph Maria Franz Anton Hubert Ignaz Fürst zu Salm-Reiffersscheid-Dyck (Jos. Salm-Dyck) (1773 – 1861) German succulent collector [SD] or [S.-D.]

Giorgio Samorini (1957 Bologna, Italy – )Italian entheobotanist, eboka initiate & prolific author .

Hernándo Sánchez-Mejorada (1926 – 11 March 1988) Mexican botanist.

Noel Yvri Sandwith (1901 – 1965) [Sandw.]

Frederick [Friedrich] Scheer (1792 Rugen, Germany – 30 December 1868 Northfleet) English botanist (born in Germany) [Scheer]

Michael Joseph François Scheidweiller (1799 – 1861) Belgian botanist. [Scheid. also Scheidw.]

Ernst Schelle (1864 – 1945) German botanist.

Arthur Carl Victor Schott (27 February 1814 Stuttgart, Germany – 26 July 1875 Washington, DC) German-American artist, botanist, engineer, map maker and geologist.

Richard Evans Schultes (1915 – 10 April 2001 Boston) US botanist & ethnobotanist. [R.E. Schultes] or [R.E. Schult.]

Karl Moritz Schumann (17 June 1851 Görlitz – 22 March 1904 Berlin) German botanist. Curator of the Berlin Botanical Museum. Founded the Deutsche Kakteen-Gesellschaft in 1892. [K. Schum.]

Bogumil Schütz (1903 – 1993) Czech researcher. [Schütz]

Georg Schwantes (1891 – 1960) [Schwant.] or [Schw.]

Friedrich (Fritz) Schwarz (1900 – 1988) German botanist. [F. Schwarz]

Ferdinand Sencke (fl. 1830 – 1866) [Sencke]

Douglas Sharon US cultural anthropologist.

Alexander Theodore “Sasha” Shulgin (17 June 1925 Berkeley, CA – 2 June 2014 Lafayette, CA) US organic chemist, psychopharmacologist, pharmacognostical pioneer & independent legal drug designer.

Ernest William Shurly (17 August 1888 – 1963) English. Mammillaria expert. [Shurly]

Andrew Lafayette Siler (4 December 1824 — 19 May 1898) Uneducated Mormon who collected cacti & other native plants for scientific investigation.

Michael S. Smith (1970 – ) US writer and amateur cactophile.

Jaroslav Šnicer Czech botanist.

Johannes Söhrens (died 1934) Director of the botanical garden in Santiago, Chile [Söhrens]

Jacques Soulaire (1921 — ) French.

Ernst Späth (14 May 1886 – 30 Sept. 1946) Austrian chemist

Carlo Luigi (Carlos Luis) Spegazzini (1858 – 1926) Italian – Argentinian botanist. [Speg.]

Curt (aka Kurt, Curtius) Polycarp Joachim Sprengel (3 August, 1766 – 15 March, 1833) German botanist. [Spreng.]

Paul Carpenter Standley (1884 Avalon, Missouri – 2 June, 1963 Tegucigalpa, Honduras) US. Botanist. [Standl.]

J.M. Standly (1884 – 1963) US Artist commissioned for botanical illustrations.

Roman Štarha Czechoslovakian plant chemist.

William T. Stearn (16 April 1911, Cambridge, United Kingdom – 9 May 2001, Richmond, United Kingdom) English. A self-taught and highly respected botanist who wrote 470 publications over a 70 year long career.

Berthold Stein (1847 – 1899) [B. Stein] or [Stein]

Ernst Gottlieb von Steudel (1783 — 1856) German botanist. [Steud.]

Omer Call Stewart (17 August 1908 Provo, Utah – 31 December 1991 Boulder) US anthropologist. Probably the foremost expert on the NAC and its history. Active from 1925-1989. Worked as an intelligence officer with the Pentagon and as undercover agent in the Middle East during WWII.

Arthur Stoll (8 January 1887 Schinznach – 13 January 1971 Dornach) Chemist involved with natural products, analogs and pharmaceutical research. His most famous work occurred while he was employed by Sandoz.

Richard Myron Straw (1926 – 2012) Biologist with Los Angeles State College. Collected with Paul Hutchison.

R. Stuart (19?? – ) US scholar, researcher and Trichocereus specialist.

Robert Sweet (1783 – 20 January 1835) [Sweet] English botanist.

Nigel Paul Taylor (1956 – ) English botanist. [Taylor]

Gilbert Harold Tegelberg, Sr. (19 September 1896 – 5 March 1983) US horticulturalist.

Gilbert Harold Tegelberg, Jr. (1924 – 1997) US nurseryman who actively promoted the cactus hobby.

Martin Kilman Terry (17 September 1947 – ) US biologist, toxicologist, former pharmaceutical industry lobbyist, veterinarian & molecular systematicist specializing in Astrophytum asterias and Lophophora research. One of the founders of the Cactus Conservation Institute (www.cactusconservation.org).

Carl Adolf Terscheck (2 April 1782 – 22 June 1869) German botanist.

George Thurber (2 September 1821 – 2 April 1890) US botanical collector. [Thurb.]

Ernst Tiegel (16 August 1879 – 1936) German. Amateur cactus lover and Mammillaria specialist. [Tiegel]

Johann Anton “Hans” Till (16 December 1920 Arad, Romania [also encountered as 1922] – 24 January 2012) Austrian-Romanian botanist & cactophile [H.Till]

Walter Till (12 January 1956 – ) Austrian botanist [W.Till]

Óscar Tovar (25 October 1923 – 27 October 2009) Peruvian botanist. A staff member of the Museum of Natural History in Lima, Peru. [Tovar]

James William Toumey (17 April 1864 Lawrence, Michigan – 1932 New Haven Connecticutt) (Also encountered as 1865 – 1932. Have not resolved which is correct.) US botanist.

Auguste Adolphe Lucien Trécul (8 Jan 1818 Mondoubleau – 15 October 1896 Paris) French botanist and pharmacist.

William Trelease (22 February 1857 Mount Vernon, New York – 1 January 1945 Urbana, IL) (Also encountered as – 2 January) US botanist. [Trel.]

Keeper Trout (21 October 1957 Waterloo, Iowa – ) US amateur cactophile, scholar, photographer & unrepentant information junkie. Also published under names Keeper of the Trout, K. Trout, Barney Heffter.

Billie Lee Turner (25 February 1925 Yoakum, Texas – 27 May 2020 Round Rock, Texas) US botanist & taxonomist at UT Austin

D.M. Turner (5 October 1962 – 31 December 1996) (also encountered as 1 January 1997) US entheogenic writer & psychonaut. (Born as Joseph Vivian.)

Pierre Jean François Turpin (11 March 1775 Vire – 1 May 1840 Paris) French botanist. Reknown as a botanical illustrator. [Turp.]

Mikhail Semyonovich Tswett/Tsvet (14 May 1872 Asti, Italy – 26 June 1919 Voronezh, Russian S.F.S.R) Russian-Italian botanist. Discoverer of chromatography. Tswett means color in Russian causing some to suggest the name “chromato graphy” was chosen as much to honor himself as to serve as a descriptive term.

Ühlig Kakteen is one of the large German “cactus houses”.

Ruth Murray Underhill (22 August 1884 Ossining, New York – 15 August 1984 Denver, Colorado) US anthropologist.

Ignatz Urban (7 January 1848 Warburg – 7 January 1931 Berlin) German botanist.

L. Möller-Valdez The sister-in-law of Heinrich Möller. Expert on Mammillaria & author of descriptions.

George Vasey (28 February 1822 Scarborough, England – 3 March 1893 Washington, DC. Also encountered as 3 March 1892) US Botanist. Curator of the US National Herbarium.

Friedrich Karl Johann Vaupel (23 May 1876 Kreuznach – 4 May 1927 Berlin) German botanist. [Vpl.]

Josée Mariano da Conceicão Vellozo (14 October 1742 São José del-Rei, Minas Gerais – 14 July 1811 Rio de Janeiro) Brazilian botanist. [Vell.]

Alberto Villoldo (1949 – ) is a Cuban-born psychologist & anthropologist who studied with Don Eduardo Calderon.

Otto Voll (1884 – 1958) German/Brazilian. Botanical garden director (Also as – 1959)

von Martius see under Martius

Siri Sylvia Patricia von Reis Altschul (10 February 1931 Bloomfield Hills, Michigan – 3 August 2021 New York City, NY) US botanist & ethnobotanist.

Robert S. Wallace (fl. 1997) US botanist.

Wilhelm Gerhard Walpers (26 December 1816, Mühlhausen, Germany — 18 June 1853, Berlin, Germany) German botanist [Walp.]

Sereno Watson (1826 – 1892) US botanist [S. Wats.]

Frédéric Albert Constantin Weber (17 May 1830 Wolfisheim – 27 July 1903 Paris) French botanist and succulent specialist. [Web. or F.A.C. Weber]

August Weberbauer (26 November 1871 Breslau, Germany – 16 January 1948 Lima, Peru) German (Silesian) botanist. [Weberb.]

Wilhelm Weingart (1856 – 1936) German botanist [Weingt.]

Silas Weir Mitchell (15 February 1829 Philadelphia, PA – 4 January 1914) US physician.

Delbert (“Del”) Weniger (10 May 1923 Kingman, Kansas – 10 July 1999 Durham, North Carolina) US biologist & ecologist.

Erich Werdermann (2 March 1892 Berlin – 19 April 1959 Hamburg (also encountered as 20 April)) German botanist and botanical garden director. [Werd.]

Amiel Weeks Whipple (1816 – 1863) [also listed as 1818 – 1863] Army Lieutenant describing cacti encountered during 1853 – 1854.

Edmund White (fl. 1899) Pharmaceutist at St Thomas’s Hospital who analyzed Lophophora for Walter Dixon.

Ira Loran (Loren?) Wiggins (1899 – 1987) US botanist.

Harvey Washington Wiley (18 October 1844 near Kent, Jefferson County, Indiana – 16 June 1930 Washington, DC) US. Chemist with FDA. Champion of “pure food and drug” activities and responsible for peyote’s FDA categorization as a “habit-forming drug”.

Käte Wilke (1897 – 1985) German. Bolivian cactus expert.

Reverend Theodore Williams (1785 —1875) Avid cactus collector who lived in North London. This is the most likely namesake for Echinocactus williamsii. Given in Cels as “M. WIlliams”. Other proposals exist such as CH Williams, said to have been an ambassador to Bahia, but none of them make any sense. Cels’ comment about Williams living in North London supports Theodore WIlliams as being correct.

Hildegard(a) Winter (1893 – 1975) German, the sister of Friedrich Ritter & a cactus expert in her own right.

Friedrich (Frederick) Adolph (Adolphus) Wislizenus (21 May 1810 Königsee – 23 September 1889) US physician & botanist (Born in Germany.) [Wisl.]

Stanisław Ignacy (Witkacy) Witkiewicz (24 February 1885, Warsaw, Poland – 18 September 1939, Jeziory, Poland) Polish author and artist producing paintings (and advertizing to produce paintings for a fee) while under the influence of drugs including peyote.

Alfred Wohlpart (1937 – ) US natural products chemist.

Charles Wright (1811 – 1885) US botanist.

Jerry Kenneth Wright was a grad student in zoology at UC Berkeley in 1964. He collected with Paul Hutchison. Wright went on to become a nursery owner with no interest in cacti (now specializing in caudiciform plants).

J. &. B. Zehnder (fl. 1950s-1961) Brothers owning the Swiss firm Kaktimex operating in Mexico. Possibly who Bravo referred to as Zhender?

Louis Bence Ziegler, Jr. (1905 — 31 August 1984) US Professional photographer, botanist, paleo-botanist & museum curator.

Allan Dale Zimmerman (May 1957 – ) US botanist. Coryphantha expert.

Dale Allan Zimmerman (7 June 1928 Imlay City, MN — 10 November 2021 Silver City, NM) US botanist. Cactus expert, ornithologist, lepidopterist & illustrator. Wife Marian. Father of Alan D. Zimmerman.

Robert Mowry Zingg (18 April 1900 – 1957) US anthropologist.

Joseph Gerhard Zuccarini (10 August 1797 Monaco di Baviera – 18 February 1848 Monaco di Baviera) German botanist and taxonomist. [Zucc.]

Islaya

Posted on 2014-10-14 by Keeper Trout

Islaya minor Backeberg

Curt Backeberg (1934) Kaktus-ABC 258, as Islaya minor

Carl Friedrich Förster (1861) Hamburger Gartenz, 17: 160, as Echinocactus islayensis.

Fred Katterman (1994) Succulent Plant Research, 1: 117, as Eriosyce islayensis.

Image above is from Ritter. I have not been able to locate who owns Ritter’s copyrights so have not obtained permission for the use of this image. If someone can provide information on how to organize formal permission it is most welcomed or if the presence is objectionable it will be removed promptly.

According to Anderson 2001, all of the former genus Islaya has been merged as a highly variable Eriosyce islayensis (C.F. Förster) Katterman.

Mescaline present in trace amounts (0.0017% in dry plant)

Origin: Found in southern Peru (above Mollendo, dept. of Arequipa). [Named for the town of Islaya.]

Habitat: Arid, dry desert regions with little rainfall. Mineral rich alluvial sediments, on sand dunes and exposed windy slopes. Most moisture is derived from fog.

Forms simple (unless apically damaged) short plants up to 13 cm tall and 7 cm wide.

Ribs are 6 mm in height and number around 17. The areoles initially bear whitish-grey felt.
Spines are rigid black, later becoming grey.
There are 20 to 24 six mm long thin radial spines and 4 cruciform (usually) centrals which are stouter, thickened below and up to 18 mm [20 mm] long.
3/4 inch [2-2.2 cm.] flowers arise from the felted area and vary from golden to light greenish-yellow.
Hairy, carmine fruit starts globular and ripens elongated. Perianth and a few bristles persist on the top of the fruit.
Backeberg 1977 page 217.
and Pizzetti 1985 Entry #137. (Pizzetti has a color picture with fruit.)

These are represented in collections as beautiful but small and slow growing specimens.

Backeberg notes that wild collected plants of Islaya are sometimes difficult to grow.

Reported analysis of Islaya

Mescaline was present at 0.0017% in the dry plant. (tlc, gc)
3,4-Dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine present at 0.0038% in the dry plant. (tlc, gc)

Also observed but did not quantify (using tlc only):
β-Phenethylamine
Hordenine [N,N-Dimethyltyramine]
3-Methoxytyramine
N-Methyltyramine
Tyramine [4-Hydroxyphenethylamine]
Pellotine [6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2-dimethyl-8-hydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline]
Corypalline [7-Hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline] (The only reported occurrence of this alkaloid within the Cactaceae)
Doetsch et al. 1980

External links:

Dave’s Garden’s
IPNI
ThePlantList
Tropicos

Bibliography: J.L. McLaughlin The Cactus Alkaloids

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

Jerry Loren McLaughlin “The Cactus Alkaloids.”

I McLaughlin, Jerry L. & Ara G. Paul (1966) Lloydia, 29 (4): 315-327. “The cactus alkaloids. I. Identification of N-Methylated Tyramine Derivatives in Lophophora williamsii.”

II McLaughlin, Jerry L. & Ara G. Paul (1967) Lloydia, 30 (1): 91-99. “The Cactus Alkaloids. II. Biosynthesis of Hordenine and Mescaline in Lophophora williamsii.”

III Rosenberg, H. et al. (1967) Lloydia, 30 (1): 100-105. “The Cactus Alkaloids. III. Phenylalanine, DOPA and DOPAmine as precursors to Mescaline in Lophophora williamsii.” (H. Rosenberg, J.L. McLaughlin & A.G. Paul)

IV Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 57 (3): 515-516. “Macromerine from Coryphantha runyonii.” (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L. McLaughlin & A.G. Paul)

V Braga, D.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1969) Planta Medica, 17 (1): 87-94. “Cactus alcaloids.[sic] V. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus retusus.”

VI McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1969) Lloydia, 32 (3): 392-394. “Cactus alkaloids. VI. Identification of hordenine and N-Methyltyramine in Ariocarpus fissuratus varieties fissuratus and lloydii.”

VII Speir, W.W. et al. (1970) Lloydia, 33 (1): 15-18. “Cactus alkaloids. VII. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine from Ariocarpus trigonus.” (W.W. Speir, V. Mihranian & J.L. McLaughlin)

VIII Norquist, D.G. & J.L. McLaughlin (1970) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 59 (12): 1840-1841. “Cactus alkaloids. VIII. Isolation of N-methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine from Ariocarpus fissuratus var. fissuratus.”

IX Neal, J.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1970) Lloydia, 33 (3): 395-396. “Cactus Alkaloids. IX. Isolation of N-Methyl-3,4-dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine and N-Methyl-4-methoxy-β-phenethylamine from Ariocarpus retusus.”

X Neal, J.M. et al. (1971)b Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 60 (3): 477-478. “Cactus alkaloids. X. Isolation of hordenine and N-methyltyramine from Ariocarpus kotschoubeyanus.” (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato, C.L. Johnson & J.L. McLaughlin)

XI Neal, J.M. et al. (1971)a Economic Botany, 25 (4): 382-384. “Cactus Alkaloids. XI. Isolation of Tyramine, N-Methyltyramine and Hordenine from Obregonia denegrii.” [also CA (1972) 76: 151035]. (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato & J.L. McLaughlin)

XII Hornemann, K.M. Kelley et al. (1972) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61: 41-45. “Cactus Alkaloids XII. β-Phenethylamine Alkaloids of the Genus Coryphantha.” (K.M. Kelley Horneman, J.M. Neal & J.L. McLaughlin)

XIII Keller, William J. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1972) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61 (1): 147-148. “Isolation of (-)-normacromerine from Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii.”

XIV Neal, J.M. et al. (1972) Science, 176: 1131-1133. “Peyote alkaloids: Identification in the Mexican cactus Pelecyphora aselliformis.” (J.M. Neal, P.T. Sato, W.N. Howard & J.L. McLaughlin.)

XV Keller, W.J. et al. (1973)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (3): 408-411. “Cactus Alkaloids. XV. β-Phenethylamines from Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii.” (W.J. Keller, J.L. McLaughlin & L.R. Brady.)

XVI Sato, P.T. et al. (1973) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (3): 411-414. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVI. Isolation and identification of alkaloids in Coryphantha ramillosa.” (P.T. Sato, J.M. Neal, L.R. Brady & J.L. McLaughlin)

XVII J.M. Neal & J.L. McLaughlin (l972) Journal of Chromatography, 73: 277-278. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVII. Thin-Layer Chromatography of Dansylated Nonphenolic β-Phenethylamines,”

XVIII West, Leslie G. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia, 36 (3): 346-348. “Cactus Alkaloids. XVIII. Phenolic β-Phenethylamines from Mammillaria elongata.”

XIX Crosby, D.M. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973) Lloydia, 36 (4): 416-418. “Cactus Alkaloids. XIX. Crystallization of Mescaline HCl and 3-Methoxytyramine from Trichocereus pachanoi.”

XX Keller, W.J. et al. (1973)b Lloydia, 36 (4):397-409. “Cactus Alkaloids. XX. The biosynthesis of catechol-O-methylated β-hydroxyphenethylamines (normacromerine and macromerine) in Coryphantha macromeris var. runyonii.” (W.J. Keller, L.A. Spitznagle, L.R. Brady & J.L. McLaughlin)

XXI Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)a Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 62 (10): 1663-1666. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXI. β-Phenethylamines from Dolichothele sphaerica.”

XXI Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)c Lloydia (Proceedings), 439-440. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXI. β-Phenethylamines from Dolichothele sphaerica.”

XXII Dingerdissen, J.J. & J.L. McLaughlin (1973)b Lloydia, 36 (4): 419-421. “Cactus alkaloids. XXII. Dolichothele surculosa and other Dolichothele species.”

XXIII West, L.G. et al. (1974) Phytochemistry, 13 (3): 665-666. “β-Phenethylamines from the Genus Gymnocactus.” (L.G. West, R.L. Vanderveen & J.L. McLaughlin)

XXIV West, L.G. et al. (1974)b Phytochemistry, l3, 866-867. “N-Methyltyramine from Opuntia clavata.” ( L.G. West, R.L. Vanderveen & J.L. McLaughlin)

XXV West, L.G. et al. (1975) Phytochemistry, 14: 291-292. “Pilocereine from Lophocereus schotti Formae Monstrosus and Mieckleyanus.” (Leslie G. West, Jerry L. McLaughlin & W. Hubert Earle)

XXVI Lee, T.M. et al. (1975) Lloydia, 38 (3): 366-367. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXVI. Tyramine from Azureocereus ayacuchensis.” (T.M. Lee, J.L. McLaughlin & W.H. Earle)

XXVII Ranieri, Richard L. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1975)a Journal of Chromatography, 111: 234-237. “Cactus alkaloids. XXVII. Use of fluorescamine as a thin-layer chromatographic visualization reagent for alkaloids.”

XXVIII Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1975)b Lloydia, 38 (6): 537 (Proceedings.) “Cactus alkaloids XXVIII. β-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinolines from Dolichothele longimamma.” [Same number as the following.]

XXVIII Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1976) Journal of Organic Chemistry, 41 (2): 319-323. “β-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids from the Mexican Cactus Dolichothele longimamma.”

XXIX Ranieri, R.L. et al. (1976) Lloydia, 39 (2-3): 172-174. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXIX. Isolation of β-phenethylamines from Coryphantha greenwoodii.” (R.L. Ranieri, J.L. McLaughlin & G.K. Arp)

XXX Mata, R. et al. (1976)a Lloydia, 39 (6): 461-463. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXX. N-Methylated Tyramines from Trichocereus spachianus, T. candicans and Espostoa huanucensis.” (Rachel Mata, Jerry L. McLaughlin & W. Hubert Earle)

XXXI Mata, R. et al. (1976)b Lloydia, 39 (6): 480 (Proceedings.) “Cactus alkaloids. XXXI. N-methylated tyramines from Trichocereus candicans, T. spachianus and Espostoa huanucensis.” (R. Mata, W.H. Earle & J.L. McLaughlin)

BOTH WITH SAME NUMBER????

XXXI Ranieri, R.L. & J.L. McLaughlin (1977) Lloydia, 40 (2): 173-177. “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXI. β-Phenethylamines and Tetrahydroisiquinolines from the Mexican Cactus Dolichothele uberiformis.” CHECK THIS

XXXII Howe, R.C. et al. (1977)a Phytochemistry, 16 (1): 151. “N-Methyltyramine and hordenine from Mammillaria microcarpa.” (Roberta C. Howe, Jerry L. McLaughlin & Duwayne Statz)

XXXIII Pummangura, S. et al. (1977) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66 (10): 1485-1487. “Cactus alkaloids. XXXIII. β-Phenethylamines from the Guatemalan cactus Pilocereus maxonii.” (S. Pummangura, D.E. Nichols & J.L. McLaughlin

XXXIV Howe, R.C. et al. (1977)b Planta Medica, 31 (3): 294-296. “Cactus alkaloids. XXXIV. Hordenine HCl from Coryphantha vivipara var. arizonica.” (Roberta C. Howe, Richard L. Ranieri, Duwayne Statz & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

XXXV Follas, W.D. et al. (1977) Phytochemistry, 16 (9): 1459-1460. “Phenethylamines from the cactus genus Lobivia.” (W.D. Follas, J.M. Cassady & J.L. McLaughlin)

XXXVI Pardanani, J.H. et al. (1977) Lloydia, 40 (6): 585-590 “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXVI. Mescaline and related compounds from Trichocereus peruvianus.” (J.H. Pardanani, J.L. McLaughlin, R.W. Kondrat & R.G. Cooks.)

XXXVII Pardanani, J.H. et al. (1978) Lloydia, 41 (3): 286-288 “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXVII. Mescaline and Related Compounds from Opuntia spinosior.” (J.H. Pardanani, B.N. Meyer, J.L. McLaughlin, W.H. Earle & R.G. Engard )

XXXVIII Unger, S.E. et al. (1980) Journal of Natural Products, 43 (2): 288-293. “Chemotaxonomy of Columnar Mexican Cacti by Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry.” (S.E. Unger, R.G. Cooks, R. Mata & J.L. McLaughlin)

XXXIX Mohamed, Y.A.H. et al. (1979) Journal of Natural Products, 42 (2): 197-202 “Cactus Alkaloids. XXXIX. A glucotetrahydroisoquinoline from the Mexican cactus, Pterocereus gaumeri.” (Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin)

XL Doetsch, P.W. et al. (1980) Journal of Chromatography, 189: 79-85. “Cactus Alkaloids XL. Identification of Mescaline and Other β-Phenethylamines in Pereskia, Pereskiopsis and Islaya by Use of Fluorescamine Conjugates.” (Paul W. Doetsch, John M. Cassady & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

XLI Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1980) Planta Medica, 38 (1): 91-92. “Cactus alkaloids. XLI. Candicine from Trichocereus pasacana.”

XLII Mata, Rachel & Jerry L McLaughlin (1980)b Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 69 (1): 94-95. “Cactus alkaloids XLII: 3,4-Dimethoxy-β-phenethylamine and Heliamine from the Mexican Cereoid Backebergia militaris.”

XLIII Meyer, B.N. et al. (1980) Phytochemistry, 19: 719-720. “β-Phenethylamines From the Cactus Genus Opuntia.” (Brian N. Meyer, Yehia A.H. Mohamed & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

XLIV Mata, Rachel & Jerry L McLaughlin (1980)c Phytochemistry, 19: 673-678. “Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloids of the Mexican Columnar Cactus Pachycereus weberi.”

XLV Mata, Rachel & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1980)d Planta Medica, 38: 180-182. “Cactus Alkaloids. XLV. Tetrahydroisoquinolines from the Mexican Cereoid Pachycereus pringlei.”

XLVI Pummangura, S. & J.L. McLaughlin (1981) Journal of Natural Products, 44 (4): 498-499. “Cactus alkaloids. XLVI. 3-Methoxytyramine and Lemaireocereine from Backebergia militaris.”

XLVII Pummangura, S. et al. (1981) Journal of Natural Products, 44 (5): 614-616. “Cactus Alkaloids. XLVII. β-Phenethylamines from the “Missouri Pincushion”, Coryphantha (Neobessya) missouriensis.” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin & R.C. Schifferdecker)

XLVIII Ferrigni, N.R. et al. (1982) Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 5: 359-364. “Cactus Alkaloids XLVIII. Nα,Nα-Dimethylhistamine, A Hypotensive Component of Echinocereus triglochidiatus.” (Nelson R. Ferrigni, David E. Nichols, Jerry L. McLaughlin & Robert A. Bye, Jr.)

XLIX S. Pummangura, J.L. et al. (1982) Journal of Natural Products, 45, 277-282 (l982). “Cactus Alkaloids. XLIX. New Trace Alkaloids (Dehydrosalsolidine and Heliamine) from the Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea, and Confirmation by MIKES (MS/MS).” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin*, D.V. Davis & R.G. Cooks)

L Mata, Rachel & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Revista Latinoamericana de Quimica, 12: 95-117. “Cactus Alkaloids. 50. A comprehensive tabular summary.”

LI Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)a Journal of Natural Products, 45 (2): 224-225. “Cactus Alkaloids. LI. Lack of Mescaline Translocation in Grafted Trichocereus.” (S. Pummangura, J.L. McLaughlin & R.C. Schifferdecker)

LII Pummangura, S. et al. (1982)b Phytochemistry, 21 (9): 2375-2377. “Two Simple Tetrahydroisoquinoline Alkaloid N-oxides from Cacti.” (S. Pummangura, Y.A.H. Mohamed, C.-J. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin)

LIII Meyer, B.N. et al. (1983) Journal of Natural Products, 46 (5): 688-693. “Cactus Alkaloids LIII. Coryphanthine and O-Methylcandicine, Two New Quaternary Alkaloids from Coryphantha greenwoodii.” (B.N. Meyer, J.S. Helfrich, D.E. Nichols, J.L. McLaughlin, D.V. Davis and R.G. Cooks)

LIV R. Mata et al. (1983) Phytochemistry, 22: l263-l270. “Tetrahydroisoquinolines.” (Cactus Alkaloids. 54), (R. Mata, C.-j. Chang & J.L. McLaughlin)

LV Ordaz, C. et al. (1983) Phytochemistry, 22 (9): 2101-2102. “Dehydroheliamine, A Trace Alkaloid From the Saguaro, Carnegiea gigantea (Cactaceae).” (Candido Ordaz, Nelson R. Ferrigni & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

LVI N.R. Ferrigni et al. (1984) Revista Latinoamericana Quimica, l4, l31-l33. “Cactus Alkaloids. LVI. l3C and lH NMR of the Imidazoles, Na,Na-Dimethylhistamine and Dolichotheline.” (N.R. Ferrigni, B.N. Meyer & J.L. McLaughlin)

LVII N.R. Ferrigni and J.L. McLaughlin*, “Using Brine Shrimp to Locate the Dihydroisoquinoline Pharmacophore,” (Cactus Alkaloids. LVII), Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (submitted for publication) (l984). Title appears listed online in McLaughlin bibliographies but does not seem to have ever gone into print.

LVIII Ferrigni, N.R. et al. (1984) Journal of Natural Products, 47 (5): 839-845. “Identification of New Cactus Alkaloids in Backebergia militaris by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” (N.R. Ferrigni, S.A. Sweetana, J.L. McLaughlin, K.E. Singleton & R.G. Cooks.)

LIX Roush, R. et al. (1985) Analytical Chemistry, 57: 109-114. “Search for New Alkaloids in Pachycereus weberi by Tandem Mass Spectrometry.” (Robin A. Roush, R. Graham Cooks, Stephanie A. Sweetana & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

LX P. Kerekes, P. et al. (1985) Journal of Natural Products, 48, 142-143. “Absolute Configuration of Deglucopterocereine: Conversion into R-(+)-N- Methylcalycotomine.” (Cactus Alkaloids. 60)” (P. Kerekes, P.N. Sharma, A. Brossi & J.L. McLaughlin)

Notice that of the 60 numbered papers there were two pairs bearing the same number but there was one additional title that does not appear to have actually gone into print. This brings the total of the above set to 61 papers.

Additional cactus papers from McLaughlin or with coauthors; not numbered as part of this series:

1965 McLaughlin, Jerry Loren (1965) PhD dissertation; University of Michigan. “Identification and biosynthesis of certain alkaloids of Lophophora williamsii (Lem.) Coult.”

1965 McLaughlin, Jerry L. & Ara G. Paul (1965) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 54 (4): 661. “Presence of Hordenine in Lophophora williamsii.”

1968 Below, L.E. et al. (1968) Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,, 57 (3): 515-516. “Macromerine from Coryphantha runyonii.” (L.E. Below, A.Y. Leung, J.L. McLaughlin and A.G. Paul)

1973 McLaughlin, Jerry L. (1973) Lloydia, 36 (1): 1-8. “Peyote: an introduction.”

1973 Vogel, W.H. et al. (1973) Psychopharmacologia, 30: 145-151. “Macromerine, Normacromerine and Bisnormacromerine: Non-Psychoactive Methylated Derivatives of Norepinephrine.” (W.H. Vogel, B.D. Evans, E.M. Bonnem, J.F. Fischer & J.L. McLaughlin)

1977 Kruger, T.L. et al. (1977) Journal of Organic Chemistry, 42: 4161-4162. “Identification of alkaloids in crude extracts by mass-analyzed ion kinetic energy spectrometry.” (T.L. Kruger, R.G. Cooks, J.L. McLaughlin & R.L. Ranieri)

1977 West, Leslie G. & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1977) Lloydia 40 (5): 499-504. “Triterpenes from the Button Cactus, Epithelantha micromeris.”

1978 West, L.G. et al. (l978) Planta Medica, 33: 37i-376. “Analysis of Cactus Pentacyclic Triterpenes by Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography.” (L.G. West, K. Templeton & J.L. McLaughlin, )

1980 Mata, Rachel & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1980)a Journal of Natural Products, 43 (3): 411-413. “Lemairin, a New Glucoside from the Mexican Cactus, Pachycereus weberi.”

1981 Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1981) Cactus & Succulent Journal, (US), 53, l07-112, “Economic Uses of Opuntia.”

1982 Meyer, Brian & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1982) Cactus & Succulent Journal, (US), 54 (5): 226-228. “A Note on the Phytochemistry of Opuntia (Cactaceae).”

1983 Mata, R. et al. (1983) Phytochemistry, 22 (5): 1263-1270. “13C NMR Analysis of Some Simple Tetrahydroisoquinolines.” (Rachel Mata, Ching-Jer Chang & Jerry L. McLaughlin)

1983 Spencer, G.F. et al. (1983) Journal of Natural Products, 46: 551-558. “The Triterpene Esters of Dolichothele longimamma (Cactaceae).” (G.F. Spencer, K. Payne-Wahl, R.B. Wolf & J.L. McLaughlin)

1989 Morales, Glauco & Jerry L. McLaughlin (1989) Journal of Natural Products, 52 (2): 381-384. “3β-O-Palmityl Longispinogenin from Trichocereus chilensis.”

A total of 75 cactus related papers were published either by McLaughlin or with coworkers

Bibliography for Ernst Spaeth

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

Ernst Späth (Spaeth)

A simple bibliography of the cactus alkaloids papers by or cowritten by Ernst Spaeth.

“Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide” & “Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.”

Ernst Späth and coworker’s elucidation of the structures of peyote alkaloids, other cactus alkaloids and related synthetic material.

I Späth, Ernst (1919) Monatshefte für Chemie, 40: 129-154. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide.”

II Späth, Ernst (1921) Monatshefte für Chemie, 42: 97-115. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. II. Die Konstitution des Pellotins, des Anhalonidins, und des Anhalamins.”

III Späth, Ernst (1921) Monatshefte für Chemie, 42: 263-266. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. III. Konstitution des Anhalins.” [Hordenine]

IV See Späth & Roder1922

V Späth, Ernst (1922) Monatshefte für Chemie, 43: 477-484. “Über die Anhaloniumalkaloide. V. Die Synthese des Anhalonidins und des Pellotins.”

VI See Späth & Gangl 1923

VII ?

VIII ?

IX ?

X See Späth & Boschan 1933

Späth, Ernst (1929) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 62 (4): 1021-1024. “Über das Carnegin.”

Späth, Ernst (1932) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 65 (10): 1778-1785. “Über die Konstitution von Pellotin und Anhalonidin.”

XI Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1934) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 67 (2): 266-268. “Eine neue Synthese des Pellotins. (XI. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”

XII Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1934) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 67 (12): 2100-2102. “Die Konstitution des Anhalamins. (XII. Mitteilung über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”

XIII Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)a Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 68 (3): 501-505. “Über ein neues Kakteen-Alkaloid, das Anhalinin, und zur Konstitution des Anhalonins. (XIII. Mitteil. über Kakteen Alkaloide.)” [Anhalinine 0.096 grams from 1330 grams of peyote.]

XIV Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)b Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 68 (5): 944-945. “Über des Anhalidin. (XIV. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”
[Synthesis of Anhalidine. / In peyote: Anhalamine 0.1% / Anhalinine 0.01% / Anhalidine 0.001%.]

XV Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Becke (1935)c Monatshefte für Chemie, 66: 327-366. “Über die tiennung der Anhalonium basen. (Kakteen alkaloide. XV.)”
Späth, Ernst & Friedrich Boschan (1933) Monatshefte für Chemie, 63: 141-153. “Über Kakteenalkaloide. X. Die Konstitution des Pellotins un des Anhalonidins.”

XVI See Späth & Kesztler1935

XVII See Späth & Kesztler1936

XVIII Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1937) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 70 (12): 2446-2450. “Über ein neues alkaloid aus den Mezcal buttons. (XVIII Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)” [N-Methylmescaline.]

XIX Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck (1938) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 71 (6): 1275-1276. “N-Acetyl mezcalin als Inhaltstoff der Mezcalin-Buttons. (XIX. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)” [185-195º at 0.02mm.]

XX Späth, Ernst & Johann Bruck 1939 Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 72 (2): 334-338. “Über das O-Methyl-d-anhalonidin. (XX. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide.)”

Späth, Ernst & Joef Gangl (1923) Monatshefte fuer Chemie, 44: 103-113. “Über die Anhaloniumalkaloide. VI, Anhalonin und Lophophorin.”

Späth, Ernst & Friederike Kesztler (1935) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 68 (9): 1663-1667. “Synthese des Anhalonidins und des Lophophorins. (XVI. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide).” /span>
[Synthesis of Lophophorine and Anhalonine.]

Späth, Ernst & Friederike Kesztler (1936) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 69 (4): 755-757. “Über die optische Aktivität des Pellotins. (XVII. Mitteil. über Kakteen-Alkaloide).”

Späth, Ernst and Kuffner, F. (1929) Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft, 62 (8): 2242-2243. “Die identitat des Pectinins mit dem Carnegin.”

Späth & Passl 1932 in the literature meant Spath 1932.

Späth, Ernst & Hans Roder (1922) Monatshefte für Chemie, 43: 93-111. “Über die Anhalonium-Alkaloide. IV. Die Synthese des Anhalamins.”

Sacred Cacti 4th edition; references

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

The master list of references
used for all volumes of
Sacred Cacti 4th edition.

This references list is still in progress and will continue to be modified during the editing process. If anything new has not been added yet and you need to know it now; drop me an email.

References for Sacred Cacti Fourth Edition

Part A: The mescaline containing species

Part B: San Pedro & related Trichocereus species

Part C: Cactus Chemistry

Section 1: Cactus Alkaloids

Section 2: Cactus Chemistry: By Species

The propagation & cultivation of cacti

Some Other Succulents

[Brackets around a title indicates it is an English translation of the actual title. ]

Incomplete citations or the use of the qualifier “From” usually indicates that the paper listed was a second-hand reference. This means that this work was unavailable to us and was among the references that were cited by our information source.

A through D

E through J

K through O

P through S

T through Z

A through Z

structural tables; triterpenoids

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

Cactus triterpenoids & sterols; a tabular key to their structural formulas

Some of the following have not been reported in cacti.
These are included below only for structural comparisons.

Abbreviations are summarized at the end of the table.

Generic ring structures
are located above and farther below.

It may be easiest to open whichever image you need in a new window?

A = Lupenes;

B = Sterols;

C, D & E = Oleanes

Name

Ring

R₁

R₂

R₃

R₄

R₅

R₆

R₇

R₈

R₉

Other bonds

3-β-Hydroxy-11α,12α-epoxyoleanan-28,13B-olide

-O-C(O)-

C11-O-C12

Alamosenogenin

OHH

CHO

CH₂OH

β-Amyrin

MeH

Betulinic acid

CO₂H

=CH₂

Betulin

CH₂OH

=CH₂

Bridgesigenin A

-O-C(O)-(to R5)

(from R3)

CH₂OH

Bridgesigenin B

-O-C(O)-(to R5)

(from R3)

HOH

OHH

CH₂OH

Bridgesigenin C

-O-C(O)-(to R5)

(from R3)

HOH

AcOH

CH₂OH

Calenduladiolacc. to Kircher 1980

=CH₂

Calenduladiolacc. to Kasprzyk et al 1970

=CH₂

Campesterol

C5=C6

Chichipegenin

OHH

CH₂OH

OHH

Cholestane

all saturated

Cholestanol

all saturated

Cholesterol

C5=C6

Cochalic acid

OHH

CO₂H

Cyclostenol

-C(H₂)-(to C9)

all saturated

Dumortierigenin

-O-C(O)-(to R5)

(from R3)

OHH

Epithelanthate

Erynginol A

OHH

CH₂OH

OHH

CH₂OH

Erythrodiol

CH₂OH

Friedelan-3α-ol

No Me at C1Me at C4, C13 & C18

Friedelin

No Me at C1Me at C4, C13 & C18

Gummosogenin

OHH

CHO

Longispinogenin

OHH

CH₂OH

Lophenol

7=8

Lupenetriol

CH₂OH

=CH₂

Lupeol

=CH₂

Macdougallin

8=9

Machaeric acid

CO₂H

Machaerinic acid

CO₂H

Machaerogenin

-C(O)-O-(to R7)

(from R5)H

CH₂OH

12=13

Maniladiol

OHH

Methyl betulinate

COOMe

=CH₂

Methyl epithelanthate

Methyl machaerinate

COOMe

Methyl oleanolate

COOMe

Methyl queretaroate

COOMe

CH₂OH

Myrtillogenic acid

CH₂OH

Oleanolic acid

CH₂OH

Oleanolic aldehyde

CHO

Pachanol A

-C(O)-O-(to R7)

(from R5)H

CH₂OH

C12=C13C14=C15

Pachanol B

-C(O)-O-(to R7)

OHH

(from R5)H

CH₂OH

C11=C12>C13=C18

Pachanol C

-C(O)OH

AcOH

CH₂OH

C12=C13OH at 14

Pachanol D

-C(O)-O-(to C14)

OHH

CH₂OH

C12=C13

Peniocerol

C8=C9

Queretaroic acid

CO₂H

CH₂OH

Queretarol

CH₂OH

Schottenol

C7=C8

α-Sitosterol

C8=C9

β-Sitosterol

C5=C6

α-Spinasterol

C7=C8C22=C23

Stellatogenin

-C(O)-O-(to R7)

(from R5)OH

Stenocereol

C8=C9C22=C23

Stigmasterol

C5=C6C22=C23

Taraxerol

C14=C15No Me at C14Me at C13 & C18

Thurberin

=CH₂

Thurberogeninacc to Hegnauer

-C(O)-O-(to R7)

(from R5)

=CH₂

Thurberogeninacc to Kircher

-C(O)-O-(to R6)

(from R5)H

=CH₂

Thurberol

C8=C9C14=C15

Treleasegenic acid

CO₂H

OHH

CH₂OH


Abbreviations for Triterpenoid & Sterol Key:

Stereochemistry is not reflected in table unless indicated in structural diagram.

=: Indicates position of a double bond.	Et: Ethyl: -C₂H₅
A, B, C, or D: Ring structure(see diagrams at top and bottom of page)	“from R#”: Indicates where it is linked to.
AcO: Acetyl	H: Hydrogen
C#: Indicates specific carbon atom	Me: Methyl: -CH₃
CO₂H: COOH: Carbonyl	na: Not applicable
COOMe: Methyl ester	OH: Hydroxy
CHO: Formyl	“to R#”: Indicates where is is bonded.
-O-: Epoxy

structural tables; isoquinolines

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

A Tabular Key to the structural formula of the cactus isoquinolines

The following includes some isoquinolines that do not occur in cacti;
these are included for structural comparative purposes

Abbreviations are summarized at the end of the table.
An alphabetical listing is also located at the end of this table.
For synonyms please see the index and alkaloid crosslist.
Formyl & Acetyl compounds are not included in this table.

A generic structural diagram is above

Compound

R2a

R2b

unsat

mono-ring-substituted

1. Longimammatine

MeO

H
H

2. Weberidine

MeO

H
H

3. Longimammosine

H
H

4. Longimammidine

H
H

5. ?-Mono-MeO-1-Me-THIQ (via MIKES)

MeO (position?)

6. Longimammamine

H
H

7. Arizonine

MeO

HO
H

di-ring-substituted

8. Heliamine

MeO

H
H

9. Dehydroheliamine

MeO

1,2

10. Backebergine

MeO

1,23,4

11. Lemaireocereine

MeO

H
H

12. Dehydrolemaireocereine

MeO

1,2

13. Isobackebergine

MeO

1,23,4

14. Uberine

MeO

H
H

15. Corypalline

MeO

H
H

16. Salsolinol*

17. Salsoline

MeO

18. Isosalsoline

MeO

19. Salsolidine

MeO

20. Dehydrosalsolidine

MeO

1,2

21. N-Methylheliamine

MeO

22. Hydrohydrastinine*

-O-CH-O-

H
H

23. N-Methylisosalsoline

MeO

24. Lophocereine

MeO

i-butyl

25. Carnegine

MeO

26. Tepenine

MeO

Compound

R2a

R2b

unsat

27. Calycotomine*

MeO

-MeOH

28. Isosalsolidine

MeO

1,23,4

29. Dehydrosalsolidine

MeO

1,2

tri-ring-substituted

30. Hydrocotarnine

-O-Me-O-

MeO

31. Anhalamine

MeO

32. Isoanhalamine

MeO

33. Anhalinine

MeO

34. Nortehuanine

MeO

35. Anhalidine

MeO

36. Isoanhalidine

MeO

37. Anhalonine

MeO

-O-Me-O-

38. Anhalonidine

MeO

39. Isoanhalonidine

MeO

40. Lophophorine

MeO

-O-Me-O-

41. O-Methylanhalonidine

MeO

42. Tehuanine

MeO

43. Tehuanine-N-oxide

MeO

→O

44. Gigantine

MeO

Incorrect proposal

(earlier)

MeO

45. Pellotine

MeO

46. Isopellotine

MeO

3,4

47. O-Methylpellotine

MeO

48. Pterocereine

glucose-O-

MeO

-MeOH

49. Deglucopterocereine

MeO

-MeOH

50. Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide

MeO

-MeOH

→O

51. Anhalotine (isolated as Iodide)

MeO

52. Lophotine (isolated as Iodide)

MeO

-O-Me-O-

53. Peyotine (isolated as Iodide)

MeO

54. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-IQ inner salt

MeO

1,2

Compound

R2a

R2b

unsat

55. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-2-Me-isoquinolinium inner salt

MeO

O^–

Me⁺

1,2

56. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1-Me-isoquinoline

MeO

1,2

57. 3,4-Dihydro-6,7-diMeO-8-OH-1,2-diMe-isoquinolinium inner salt

MeO

O^–

Me⁺

1,2

58. Pycnarrhine*

MeO

Me⁺HO^–

1,2

59. N-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinium chloride*

MeO

Me⁺Cl^–

1,2

60. Peyoglutam

MeO

-CH₂-CH₂-C(O)-

61. Mescalotam

MeO

-CH₂-CH₂-C(O)-

62. Peyoxylic acid

MeO

-CO₂H

63. O-Methyl-peyoxylic acid

MeO

-CO₂H

64. Peyoruvic acid

MeO

-Me-CO₂H

65. O-Methylpeyoruvic acid

MeO

-Me-CO₂H

66. Isonortehuanine

MeO

1,23,4

67. Dehydronortehuanine

MeO

1,2

68. Peyophorine

MeO

-O-Me-O-

tetra-ring-substituted

69. ?-Mono-OH-tri-MeO-2-Me-THIQ (via MIKES)

(MeO)₃ & OH (positions?)

1,23,4

70. ?-Tri-MeO-1-Me-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-IQ (via MIKES)

(MeO)₃ (positions?)

1,23,4

71. ?-Tri-MeO-1-Me-1,2-dihydro-IQ (via MIKES)

(MeO)₃ (positions?)

1,2

72. Norweberine

MeO

73. Dehydronorweberine

MeO

1,2

74. Isonorweberine

MeO

1,23,4

75. Pachycereine

MeO

76. Dehydropachycereine

MeO

1,2

77. Isopachycereine

MeO

1,23,4

78. Weberine

MeO

79. N-Methylpachycereine

MeO

trimeric

80. Pilocereine

HHH

MeOMeOMeO

HOXOYO

XYH

i-butyli-butyli-butyl

MeMeMe

nanana

HHH

nanana

Isoquinoline key: Abbreviations

1,2: 1,2-Dehydro	na: Not applicable
3,4: 3,4-Dehydro	HO: Hydroxy
CO₂H: Carbonyl	-O-Me-O-: Methylenedioxy
H: Hydrogen	unsat: Unsaturated.i.e double bond existsbetween 2 numbered carbons.
Me: Methyl	X: Point of attachment (X-X)
MeO: Methoxy	Y: Point of attachment (Y-Y)

* Not reported as a cactus alkaloid; included for structural comparison

**Isoquinolines from structural table** listed in alphabetical order
Name	List #

?-Mono-MeO-1-Methyl-THIQ	5
?-Mono-OH-tri-MeO-2-Methyl-THIQ	69
?-Tri-MeO-1-Methyl-1,2,3,4-dehydro-isoquinoline	70
?-Tri-MeO-1-Methyl-1,2-dehydro-isoquinoline	71
3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1,2-dimethyl-isoquinolinium inner salt	57
3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-1-methyl-isoquinoline	56
3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-2-methyl-isoquinolinium inner salt	55
3,4-Dihydro-6,7-dimethoxy-8-hydroxy-isoquinolin	54
Anhalamine	31
Anhalamine, Iso-	32
Anhalidine	35
Anhalidine, Iso-	36
Anhalinine	33
Anhalonidine	38
Anhalonidine, Iso-	39
Anhalonidine, O-Methyl-	41
Anhalonine	37
Anhalotine (Iodide)	51
Arizonine	7
Backebergine	10
Backebergine, Iso-	13
Calycotomine	27
Carnegine	25
Corypalline	15
Corypalline, O-Methyl-	21
Deglucopterocereine	49
Deglucopterocereine-N-oxide	50
Dehydroheliamine	9
Dehydro-lemaireocereine	12
Dehydronortehuanine	67
Dehydronorweberine	73
Dehydropachycereine	76
Dehydrosalsolidine	20
Dehydrosalsolidine	29
Gigantin	44
Heliamine	8
Heliamine, Dehydro-	9
Heliamine, N-Methyl-	21
Hydrocotarnine	30
Hydrohydrastinine	22
Isoanhalamine	32
Isoanhalidine	36
Isoanhalonidine	39
Isobackebergine	13
Isonortehuanine	66
Isonorweberine	74
Isopachycereine	77
Isopellotine	46
Isosalsolidine	28
Isosalsoline	18
Isosalsoline, N-Methyl-	23
Lemaireocerein	11
Lemaireocereine, Dehydro-	12
Longimammamine	6
Longimammatine	1
Longimammidine	4
Longimammosine	3
Lophocerein	24
Lophophorine	40
Lophotine (Iodide)	52
Mescalotam	61
N-Methyl-6,7-dimethoxy-isoquinolinium chloride	59
N-Methylheliamine	21
N-Methylisosalsoline	23
N-Methyl-pachycereine	79
Nortehuanine	34
Nortehuanine, Dehydro-	67
Nortehuanine, Iso-	66
Norweberine	72
Norweberine, Dehydro-	73
Norweberine, Iso-	74
O-Methyl-anhalonidine	41
O-Methylcorypalline	21
O-Methylpellotine	47
O-Methylpeyoruvic acid	65
O-Methylpeyoxylic acid	63
Pachycereine	75
Pachycereine, Dehydro-	76
Pachycereine, Iso-	77
Pachycereine, N-Methyl-	79
Pellotine	45
Pellotine, Iso-	46
Pellotine, O-Methyl-	47
Peyoglutam	60
Peyophorine	68
Peyoruvic acid	64
Peyoruvic acid, O-Methyl-	65
Peyotine (Iodide)	53
Peyoxylic acid	62
Peyoxylic acid, O-Methyl-	63
Pilocereine	80
Pterocereine	48
Pterocereine, Degluco-	49
Pycnarrhine	58
Salsolidine	19
Salsolidine, Dehydro-	20
Salsolidine, Dehydro-	29
Salsolidine, Iso-	28
Salsoline	17
Salsoline, Iso-	18
Salsoline, N-Methyl-iso-	23
Salsolinol	16
Tehuanine	42
Tehuanine, Dehydronor	67
Tehuanine, Isonor-	66
Tehuanine, Nor-	34
Tehuanine-N-oxide	43
Tepenine	26
Uberine	14
Weberidine	2
Weberine	78
Weberine, Dehydro-nor-	73
Weberine, Isonor-	74
Weberine, Nor-	72

structural tables; phenethylamines

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

A tabular key to the structural formula of the cactus phenethylamines

Phenethylamines marked with an * have not been reported as a cactus alkaloid.

These are included below only for structural comparisons.
Abbreviations are summarized at the end of the table.

Generic phenethylamine structure is above.


Name	Phenyl					Ethyl		Amine
Position	2	3	4	5	6	β	α	R₁	R₂	R₃⁺

Phenethylamine
	H	H	H	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
Amphetamine*
	H	H	H	H	H	na	Me	H	H	na
N-Methylphenethylamine
	H	H	H	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Methamphetamine*
	H	H	H	H	H	na	Me	Me	H	na
N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine
	H	H	H	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
Ubine
	H	H	H	H	H	OH	na	Me	Me	na
Coryphanthine
	H	H	H	H	H	MeO	na	Me	Me	Me⁺
Tyramine
	H	H	HO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
Octopamine
	H	H	HO	H	H	HO	na	H	H	na
N-Methyltyramine
	H	H	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Synephrine
	H	H	HO	H	H	HO	na	Me	H	na
β-O-Methylsynephrine
	H	H	HO	H	H	MeO	na	Me	H	na
β-O-Ethylsynephrine
	H	H	HO	H	H	EtO	na	Me	H	na
Hordenine
	H	H	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
Candicine
	H	H	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	Me⁺
4-Methoxyphenethylamine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
4-Methoxy-β-hydroxyphenethylamine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	HO	na	H	H	na
N-Methyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Longimammine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	HO	na	Me	H	na
N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxyphenethylamine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
N,N-Dimethyl-4-methoxy-β-hydroxyphenethylamine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	HO	na	Me	Me	na
O-Methyl-candicine
	H	H	MeO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	Me⁺
Dopamine
	H	HO	HO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
Norepinephrine
	H	HO	HO	H	H	HO	na	H	H	na

Name	Phenyl					Ethyl		Amine
Position	2	3	4	5	6	β	α	R₁	R₂	R₃⁺

Epinine
	H	HO	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Epinephrine
	H	HO	HO	H	H	HO	na	Me	H	na
N-Methyladrenaline
	H	HO	HO	H	H	HO	na	Me	Me	na
Coryneine
	H	HO	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	Me⁺
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
3-Methoxytyramine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
Normetanephrine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	HO	na	H	H	na
N-Methyl-3-methoxytyramine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Metanephrine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	HO	na	Me	H	na
NAMT
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	na	na	C(O)Me	H	na
N,N-Dimethyl-3-methoxytyramine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
Salicifoline*
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	Me⁺
N-Methylmetanephrine
	H	MeO	HO	H	H	HO	na	Me	Me	na
3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na
3,4-Dimethoxy-β-hydroxyphenethylamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	HO	na	H	H	na
3,4-Dimethoxy-N-methylphenethylamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	na	na	Me	H	na
Normacromerine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	HO	na	Me	H	na
Calipamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	MeO	na	Me	H	na
N-Acetyl DMPEA
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	na	na	C(O)Me	H	na
3,4-Dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
Macromerine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	HO	na	Me	Me	na
β-Methoxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylphenethylamine
	H	MeO	MeO	H	H	MeO	na	Me	Me	na
3-Nitrotyramine
	H	NO₂	HO	H	H	na	na	H	H	na

Name	Phenyl					Ethyl		Amine
Position	2	3	4	5	6	β	α	R₁	R₂	R₃⁺

3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenethylamine*
	H	HO	HO	HO	H	na	na	H	H	na
3,4-Dihydroxy-5-methoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	HO	MeO	H	na	na	H	H	na
3-Hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	H	H	na
N-Methyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	Me	H	na
N-Formyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	C(O)H	H	na
N-Acetyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	C(O)Me	H	na
N,N-Dimethyl-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	HO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine
	H	MeO	HO	MeO	H	na	na	H	H	na
Mescaline
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	H	H	na
N-Methylmescaline
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	Me	H	na
N-Formylmescaline
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	C(O)H	H	na
N-Acetylmescaline
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	C(O)Me	H	na
β-Hydroxy-mescaline
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	HO	na	H	H	na
Trichocereine
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	Me	Me	na
3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenylalanine*
	H	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	-CO₂H	H	H	na
2-Chloro-mescaline**
	Cl	MeO	MeO	MeO	H	na	na	H	H	na
2,6-Dichloro-mescaline*
	Cl	MeO	MeO	MeO	Cl	na	na	H	H	na

Name	Phenyl					Ethyl		Amine
Position	2	3	4	5	6	β	α	R₁	R₂	R₃⁺


Abbreviations for Phenethylamine Key:
α: Carbon adjacent to the nitrogen.	HO: Hydroxy
β: Carbon adjacent to the phenyl ring.	Me: Methyl
Cl: Chlorine	Me+: Methyl cation
C(O)H: Formyl	MeO: Methoxy
C(O)Me: Acetyl	na: Not applicable.
CO₂H: COOH: Carbonyl	NO₂: Nitrate
EtO: Ethoxy	PEA: Phenethylamine
H: Hydrogen

*Items marked with an have not been reported as a cactus alkaloid.**These were included only for structural comparisons.
Items marked with an were believed to be an extraction artifact.**

Disclaimer

Posted on 2014-10-11 by Keeper Trout

Disclaimer & Cautionary Statement to Readers

This disclaimer is actually important for you to read. All information is contained strictly for informational and educational purposes and should not be construed as advocacy for anyone to violate state or federal laws.

Depending on where a person lives, the following material contains discussions of practices that might place one in direct violation of state and federal laws if they were applied in reality by the reader.

Mescaline and some similar substances are currently regarded as dangerous drugs.

Despite a complete lack of human fatalities and a proven safety record in humans exceeding that of many commonly prescribed & readily available over-the-counter pharmaceuticals, they are, in fact, at least potentially, quite dangerous substances. This is not due to their their pharmacological or toxic properties but rather is entirely the direct result of the potential actions that may arise from those who quixotically consider them to be dangerous and who are dedicated to MAKING them dangerous.

These peoples’ extremely serious and ever-present threat of very real danger should never be underestimated. This is not a rational issue for them and no amount of logical persuation can be expected to sway their emotionally and/or religiously based opinions. It is not simply a matter that some people, the NAC can legally use one mescaline containing cactus, that being peyote. If it was possible the powers-that-be would no doubt actively work to prevent them from using it too (based on the abundant historical examples).

Failure to comply with state or federal laws can result in lengthy imprisonment, excessive fines, terroristic home invasions, deliberate terrorism of your family & friends, wanton destruction & vandalism of personal belongings, infliction of immense mental anguish on you & your loved ones, savage beatings & other physical injury, intimidation or harassment of friends or casual acquaintances or even the targeting of them for similar fates, attempted or successful sabotage of career or business reputation with malicious attacks upon and slanderous accusations against personal character being deceptively presented to employers, friends, family or business acquaintances with deliberate pejorative intent, deliberately brutal murder or injury of pets, eviction from rental properties and/or a complete loss of assets, checking & savings accounts, vehicles, computers, other possessions & real property, child custody, or even worse.

You may even find yourself being shot in the middle of the night by automatic weapons carrying, night-vision goggled home-invaders as you are trying to put on your pants.

There is no example mentioned above which has not already occurred in the efforts being directed against drug users.

While seemingly unthinkable in any free and democratic society, this is currently the very serious state of reality produced by the present illegality of an increasing number of these substances and the existence of a well-funded and powerful modern-day Inquisition that is dedicated towards our eradication via a brutal reign of terror and violent suppression that has already murdered people in many different countries. The war on drugs is not really a war on drugs (drugs are *things*) but is actually a war on drug users.

Readers should operate under no illusions when reflecting upon the reality of this as the modern face of a thousand year old religious activity converted into being a state-sponsored attempt at a social purge & cultural cleansing. You may not be burned at the stake or hung this time but wasting your life in prison is just as real of a loss of life to you and your family.

The information contained in these pages is intended to better enable future research into this important and fascinating area of consciousness and science.

We do not advocate the use of illicit —or for that matter, any— drugs by uninformed or underinformed individuals.

However, we also recognize that many people will choose to use drugs whether they are informed or not.

We do not intend to encourage or promote drug use.

We do want those who are already determined to use these substances, regardless of current legal status, to be able do so in an informed, knowledgeable and responsible manner; whether this is planned as sacrament, ‘recreation’ or experimental material.

Our hopes and intentions are that, through education and awareness, more informed choices can be made, thereby minimizing the risks often associated with substance use.

It is with this in mind that we present the following.

Chapter Three: The Distribution & Occurrence of Mescaline

The distribution of mescaline containing species within the Cactaceae

A more recent view

Distribution of alkaloids *within* cacti.

Biographical information in this list is limited to those people who are mentioned in or related to this work.

Islaya minor Backeberg

Reported analysis of Islaya

Jerry Loren McLaughlin “The Cactus Alkaloids.”

Ernst Späth (Spaeth)

The master list of references used for all volumes of Sacred Cacti 4th edition.

Cactus triterpenoids & sterols; a tabular key to their structural formulas

Generic ring structures are located above and farther below.

It may be easiest to open whichever image you need in a new window?

Abbreviations for Triterpenoid & Sterol Key:

A Tabular Key to the structural formula of the cactus isoquinolines

A generic structural diagram is above

A tabular key to the structural formula of the cactus phenethylamines

Generic phenethylamine structure is above.

Disclaimer & Cautionary Statement to Readers

**Distribution of alkaloids within cacti.**

The master list of references
used for all volumes of
Sacred Cacti 4th edition.

Generic ring structures
are located above and farther below.

Abbreviations for
Triterpenoid & Sterol Key: